2.      Understanding Islam in Terms of Religion

Islam and the modern concept of religion

Religion according to Cicero, Augustine, and Grotius: from philosophy to missions

Tolerance a truce with Christians only

Enlightenment tolerance as reaction to religious wars

Muslim responses to missionaries

Islamic pluralism

Post-colonial states and redefining Islam

Islam and the academic study of religion

Protestant templates and comparative religion: missionary contest

Problems of categorization

Religious studies and American pluralism

Historical study, vs. essences and reification

Prescriptive and descriptive approaches

Media access to Islamic "authorities" and pet academics

Protestant scripturalism as a fallacy

Self-identification of religious identity

Problems in academic study, lack of general knowledge

Islam defined by the state and by the numbers

State definition of religion: Israel, Beirut examples

Religion in the Indian census, Japan

Muslim census figures around the world

Islamic religious language

Islam

Din

Reformism

Fundamentalism or Islamism