Global Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene
ENVR 890 Section 003
ENVR 296 Section 003
Spring 2007
Tues/Thurs 3:30-4:45 PM, 1304 McGavran-Greenberg
| Instructor:
Mark D. Sobsey sobsey@email.unc.edu 966-7303 4114A McGavran-Greenberg Office Hours: by appointment |
TA: Joe Brown |
Assignments - Final added!
Course Materials: No required
text.
PowerPoint slides for most lectures will be posted on the class website/Blackboard
prior to the lecture.
The World Health Organization CD distributed in class contains many of the reading
assignments for the course. Other material may be added; most readings will
be listed in the syllabus below.
General reading by subject
Course website: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007spring/envr/890/003/
Course Objectives:
This course focuses on water, sanitation and hygiene in both developing and
developed countries from an environmental health perspective. It emphasizes
an appreciation and understanding of the need to develop effective, appropriate,
accessible and affordable measures to reduce the global burden of disease from
environmental exposures to biological and chemical agents of human health and
environmental concern. The course content is based on the World Health Organization
risk-based framework that uses risk assessments of health effects from exposures
to pathogenic (disease-causing) microbes and toxic chemicals in environmental
media to inform the development of holistic, integrated risk management policies
and systems. Exposures to various agents of health concerns via water, wastes,
air, vectors and other transmission routes will be considered, as will the various
prevention and control measures of risk management systems intended to reduce
these exposures.
Eligibility and prerequisites
Enrollment is limited to graduate students and upper level undergraduates who
have core knowledge in chemistry, biology, epidemiology and statistics. This
core knowledge would be satisfied by undergraduate or entry level graduate courses
in chemistry though organic chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology or cell biology
and epidemiology. Core knowledge in risk assessment is also recommended.
Tentative Course Schedule (May change to accommodate guest presenters & student needs)
| Date | Lecture | Readings/Resources |
| 01/11 | Course details and introductory material | "Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report" from CD directory "Global monitoring: water supply and sanitation" |
| 01/16 | Global burden of disease and Water/Sanitation/Hygiene (handouts will be provided for this class) | WHO: Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level |
| 01/18 01/23 |
Course
overview Quantitative microbial risk assessment |
Crabtree, K.D. et al. 1997.
"Waterborne adenovirus: a risk assessment". Water Science and
Technology 35(11-12): 1-6.
Couch, R.B. et al. 1966. "Effect of route inoculation on experimental respiratory viral disease in volunteers and evidence for airborne transmission". Bacteriological Reviews 30(6): 517-529. Havelaar, AH and JM Melse. 2003. Quantifying public health risk in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: A burden of disease approach. Haas, C and JNS Eisenberg. 2001. Risk Assessment. In Water quality - Guidelines, standards and health: Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease. Lorna Fewtrell and Jamie Bartram, Eds. Published on behalf of the WHO by IWA Publishing, London. Howard, G, Pedley, S, and S Tibatemwa. 2006. Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate health risks attributable to water supply: Can the technique be applied in developing countries with limited data? Journal of Water and Health 4(1): 49-65. (Added 1/23/07) World Health Organization. 2004. Health Based Targets. In Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Vol. 1 : 3rd Ed. World Health Organization. 2004. Microbial Aspects. In Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Vol. 1 : 3rd Ed. |
| 01/25 | Quantitative microbial risk assessment | |
| 01/30 | Water epidemiology | |
| 02/01 | Water epidemiology | |
| 02/06 | Epidemiology | |
| 02/08 | Excreta |
Carr, Richard. 2001. Excreta-related infections and the role of sanitation in the control of transmission. In Water quality - Guidelines, standards and health: Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease. Lorna Fewtrell and Jamie Bartram, Eds. Published on behalf of the WHO by IWA Publishing, London. Feachem, Richard, Bradley,
David, Garelick, Hemda and Mara, Duncan. 1983. Sanitation
and Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management.
Chichester: John Wiley and Sons for the World Bank. PDFs: Chapter
One | Chapter Two
| Chapter Three Mackenbach, Johann P. 2007. Sanitation: pragmatism works. British Medical Journal 334:s17. |
| 02/13 | Excreta |
Montgomery, Maggie A, and Menachem Elimelech. 2007. Water And Sanitation in Developing Countries: Including Health in the Equation. Environmental Science and Technology 41(1): 17-24. Petterson, S.A. and Ashbolt, N.J. 2003. WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture: Microbial Risk Assessment Section. Document prepared for the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 36 pp. |
| 02/15 | Excreta | |
| 02/20 | Excreta Also |
|
| 02/22 | Water Class discussion questions |
Birks R, Hills S. 2007. Characterisation of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens in Domestic Greywater for Recycling. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Online 7 February 2007. |
| 02/27 | Water (revised 03/01/2007) | |
| 03/01 | Water | |
| 03/06 | Water | |
| 03/08 | Water | |
| 03/13 | Spring Break | |
| 03/15 | Spring Break | |
| 03/20 | Water |
EPA. 1986. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Bacteria - 1986. WHO. 2003. Faecal pollution and water quality. From Guidelines for safe recreational waters. Volume 1 - Coastal and fresh waters. |
| 03/22 | Water |
Sobsey, MD. 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. WHO. (online edition) - also applicable to 03/08 lecture Sample Exams: One | Two | Three Professor Duncan Mara's presentations on Wastewater Use in Agriculture (Requires Internet Explorer.) |
| 03/27 | Hygiene | |
| 03/29 | Hygiene | |
| 04/03 | Hygiene |
Curtis V. 2003. Talking dirty: how to save a million lives. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 13: S73-S79 Curtis V, Cairncross S. 2003.
Effect
of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea |
| 04/05 | Hygiene |
Bloomfield SF, Stanwell-Smith R, Crevel RWR, Pickup J. Too clean, or not too clean: the Hygiene Hypothesis and home hygiene. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 36: 402–425. Cozad A, Jones RD. 2003. Disinfection and the prevention of infectious disease. Am J Infect Control 31: 243-54. Larson E, Aiello A, Lee LV, et.al. 2003. Short- and long-term effects of handwashing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community. Journal of Community Health 28(2): 139-150. Sickbert-Bennett EE, Weber DJ, Gergen-Teague MF, et.al. 2005. Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses. Am J Infect Control 33: 67-77. Stanwell-Smith R. 2003. The infection potential in the home and the role of hygiene: historical and current perspectives. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 13: S9-S17. Webb AL, Stein AD, Ramakrishnan U, et.al. 2006. A simple index to measure hygiene behaviors. International Journal of Epidemiology 35:1469-1477. |
| 04/10 | Hygiene |
Hadley C. 2004. Should auld acquaintance be forgot. EMBO reports 5(12): 1122-1124. Strachan D. 1989. Hay fever, hygiene and household size. BMJ 299: 1259-1260. Strachan D. 2000. Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis”. Thorax 55(Suppl 1):S2–S10. |
| 04/12 | Hygiene | |
| 04/17 | Air |
Climate Change and Human Health - Risks and Responses Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions Inside The Greenhouse: The Impacts Of CO2 And Climate Change On Public Health In The Inner City |
| 04/19 | Flex time for group projects or special topics | |
| 04/24 | Presentations | Alia Khan, Jennifer Espiritu, Leslie Arney, Tina Lusk: The Effects of Global Warming on WSH in the Developing / Underdeveloped World. Presentation | Handout |
| 04/26 | Presentations | Sara Abdoulayi, David Hostler, Stacey Succop, and Sarah Wilkins: Public-Private Partnerships: A Handwashing and Hygiene Promotion Example. Presentation | Handout Patrick Keller, Aye Otubu, Alex Doyal, Adam Froyum Roise: Avoiding Diarrhea: Epidemiology and Prevention |
| 05/04 | Final Exam due | Take-home exam |
| *Each of the main
topics will be divided into the following units: 1) Health Risk 2) Exposure Pathways 3) Control measures/strategies |
||
Grading: Individual assignments
(2) 25%
Group assignment (1) 25%
Mid-term exam (in-class) 25%
Final exam (in-class or take-home) 25%