On the question of space notions formation in different system languages

I. Space notions reflected in a language have always been the object of linguistic scientific interest, among them the terms, noting cardinal points of the world. The cardinal direction terms of the Turkic and Indo-European languages have been the special subject of etymological,ethnolinguistic analysis. (Kononov A.,Brown, Cecil H.) The present paper compiles cross languages data attesting to regular universal and specific extentions in the development of nomenclature for the four cardinal directions, north, south, west and east, in Kazak, Russian and other languages.

II. The comparative method of historical linguistics as well as comparative typological one provide direct evidence of regularities in the development of terms for cardinal directions. The reconstructured histories of terms for north, south, east and west in two unrelated genetic groupings of languages, Indo-European and Polynesian, show a number of parallels ( Bown, Cecil H.) Terms for east and west in these languages are largely derived from words such as "dawn", "morning", "to rise", "evening", "going down", etc. In Slavic languages they are mostly connected with the words "day" and "night", ex. Russian, Polish polden "south"; polnoch "north". Approximately in the XV century they were forced out by yug and sever, the etimologies of which are still under discussion. The investigations in Turkic languages outline linear and color systems classification of cardinal direction terms (Kononov A.). Linear system includes four positions, three of them have cultural significance and are connected with eastward, southward and northward facing canonical orientation.

III. A survey of cardinal directions terms in different system languages reveals that nomenclatural development involves the following lexical source areas, among them celestial bodies and events, "left-right sides" terms extention; atmosphere features, color orientation; environment specific features; other more general directions.

IV. Striking similarity is observed in the eastward facing canonical orientation and certainly relates to the fact that the east is often of great salience for people since it is the place of the sun's rising. Another similarity is connected with the developed terms for north and south through extension of terms for left side and /or the right side of a human body to these cardinal directions. "Right and left transcend the limits of our body to embrace the universe" (Hertz R.)In Turkic languages, in addition, we observe traces of Southern Chinese Orientation, connected with the basic direction towards the south.

V. The formation of the system of space notions, connected with the cardinal points of the world in different languages reveal cognitive processes in recognizing and forming the peculiar space system, based on the human experience, connected with the knowledge of a human body. Anthropocentrism was naturally characteristic at the initial stages of the human cognition. Other aspects of human experience connected with the knowledge about the movement of the sun, geographical surrounding and star constellations, contributed to this system, replete with identifying different peoples' peculiar, specific religious, ethnographic views.