STEVEN W. MATSON, Chair
* With recommendation of the department and the approval of the administrative board of The Graduate School, special courses and the direction of graduate studies are offered by the staff of the Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North Carolina.
Albert S. Baldwin, Immunoglobulin Gene Expression
Victoria L. Bautch, Molecular Basis of Development
Kerry S. Bloom, Molecular Genetics
W. E. Bollenbacher, Invertebrate Neuroendocrinology
Jeffrey L. Dangl, Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Disease Resistance
J. Alan Feduccia, Vertebrate Evolution and Paleontology
Patricia G. Gensel, Paleobotany and Morphology
Lawrence I. Gilbert, Developmental Insect Physiology, Neuroendocrinology, and Biochemistry
Albert K. Harris, Morphogenesis and Embryology
Alan M. Jones, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology
William M. Kier, Functional Morphology of Invertebrates, Biomechanics
Joel G. Kingsolver, Evolutionary Ecology and Physiological Ecology
Kenneth J. Lohmann, Neuroethology and Invertebrate Zoology
William F. Marzluff, Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of RNA Metabolism, Cell Cycle Regulation during Development
Ann G. Matthysse, Molecular Biology and Plant Pathology
Steven W. Matson, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
Robert K. Peet, Plant Ecology
Charles H. Peterson, Marine Ecology
Mark A. Peifer, Developmental Genetics
Edward D. Salmon, Cell Biology
Darrel W. Stafford, Developmental Biochemistry
Peter S. White, Plant Ecology
R. Haven Wiley, Animal Behavior
Joseph J. Kieber, Plant Cell Biology
Gustavo P. Maroni, Molecular Genetics of Drosophila
David Pfennig, Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Patricia J. Pukkila, Molecular Genetics
Jason W. Reed, Light Signal Transduction in Plants
Seth R. Reice, Community Ecology, Stream Ecology
Lillie L. Searles, Molecular Biology
Shawn C. Ahmed, Telomeres, DNA Change and Germline Immortality
Christina L. Burch, Experimental Evolution of Viruses
Gregory P. Copenhaver, Plant Genome Biology, Recombination, Centromeres
Robert P. Goldstein, Generation of Cell Diversity in Development
Corbin D. Jones, Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
Jason D. Lieb, Understanding Specificity and Function in Protein-Genome Interactions
Sarah Liljegren, Molecular Genetic Analysis of Flower Development
Charles Mitchell, Disease Ecology
Steven Rogers, Cytoskeletal Filaments
Karin S. Pfennig, Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution
Jeff Sekelsky, Meiotic Recombination, DNA Repair
Maria R. Servedio, Evolutionary Theory
Keith Sockman, Neuroendocrine Control of Reproductive Flexibility
Todd J. Vision, Evolutionary and Computational Genetics
Stephen T. Crews, Molecular Genetics
Frank L. Conlon, Xenopus, Mesoderm, Heart, Tbox Genes
Brian K. Kay, Molecular Recognition
Wayne W. Litaker, Molecular Biology
Rogers McVaugh, Plant Systematics
Michael A. Resnick, Molecular Genetics
Cary Wineberger, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology
R. E. Wyatt, Ecological Evolution, Plant Reproduction
Edward G. Barry
C. Ritchie Bell
Aristotle J. Domnas
Nelson G. Hairston
Max H. Hommersand
William J. Koch
H. Eugene Lehman
Jimmy R. Massey
Elizabeth A. McMahan
Donald W. Misch
Helmut C. Mueller
Clifford R. Parks
Albert E. Radford
Tom K. Scott
Alan E. Stiven
The Department of Biology offers a program of study leading to a doctoral degree of philosophy in biology. Master's degrees are only received by those students that have progressed far enough in the PhD program, but cannot complete the program. Special departmental rules and guidelines for advanced degrees are available upon request.
The Department of Biology is housed in three modern buildings and is equipped with modern instrumentation for research and research training in the biological disciplines represented by faculty areas for research. These include:
Genetics and Molecular Biology, including (1) biochemistry and molecular biology (with emphasis on development, protein synthesis, enzyme mechanisms and control, and aspects of plant systems); (2) developmental and molecular genetics.
Cell Biology, Development, and Physiology, including (1) cytology and cell biology (with emphasis on mitotic mechanisms, histochemistry, and ultrastructure); (2) developmental biology (with emphasis on invertebrate endocrinology, experimental morphogenesis, morphogenetic movements, tissue culture, hormones, and plant development); (3) physiology (with emphasis on functional morphology, biomechanics and neuroethology, and developmental and membrane functions in plant systems).
Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, including neontological and paleontological studies of invertebrates, vertebrates, and vascular plants emphasizing morphology, anatomy, paleontology, and systematics.
Ecology and Behavior, and Organismal Biology, including (1) ecology and population biology (life histories, population, community, and ecosystems phenomena in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems); (2) behavior (with emphasis on social and mating systems of vertebrates, communication, ecology and ontogeny of behavior, and predator-prey interactions); (3) marine biology (with emphasis on marine ecology and oceanography); (4) comparative physiology, neuroethology, biomechanics.
Students in marine biology, after completing required course work in the department, have access to the research facilities of the Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North Carolina. By cooperative arrangements, deep water research can be carried out through the use of the research vessel of the Duke University Marine Laboratory.
Interdepartmental degree programs in genetics, ecology, neurobiology, and marine science offer unusual opportunities for special training through participation of staff from the Department of Biology and many other departments in arts and sciences and health affairs.
The John N. Couch Biology Library has over seventy thousand volumes and receives over twelve hundred serials related to fields of research in the department. The collection includes treatises, monographs, symposium volumes, reprints, and standard and classical works of research and historical importance. The nearby Health Sciences Library contains additional biological references.
A major research asset is the location of the University, which makes the varied flora and fauna of the Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont Plateau, Coastal Plain, and Atlantic Coast all accessible for research and instruction. The department operates a small field station a few miles from the Chapel Hill campus in the Mason Farm Biological Reserve, which includes several hundred acres of upland and floodplain habitats.
The Coker Arboretum and the North Carolina Botanical Garden are of value to students in the study of special problems. The Herbarium, containing more than six hundred thousand specimens, is especially rich in collections of the vascular plants and fungi of the Carolinas and the Southeastern United States.
The Highlands Biological Station, administered for the University system by Western Carolina University, is located in the biologically rich mountains at Highlands, North Carolina. Graduate courses offered cover various parts of the mountain biota. Credit may be obtained through UNC-Chapel Hill or Western Carolina University. A limited amount of research support is available on a competitive basis. (See the annual announcement of the Highlands Biological Station.)
The University is a member of the Organization for Tropical Studies (O.T.S.). Financial support is available for students attending O.T.S. courses in tropical ecology in Costa Rica.
Additional information about the graduate program is available at www.bio.unc.edu.
Application for admission and graduate appointments, accompanied by credentials and Graduate Record Examination scores, including the Advanced Biology score, should be submitted for receipt no later than December 31.
All outstanding prospective graduate students who apply for admission are automatically considered for University Fellowships.
More than forty-five teaching assistantships are open to graduate students. Duties of assistants include preparation for and supervision of laboratory and recitation sections of undergraduate courses. Duties usually require thirteen to fifteen hours per week including six contact hours in classes and six to nine hours of preparation or other services associated with instruction.
Research assistantships are available. Salaries and duties are variable as determined by the research needs of faculty supervising the work. Applications for these appointments must be made personally to faculty members directing grant-supported research.
The following awards are specifically for graduate students in the Biology Department.
The Alma Holland Beers Scholarships are awarded annually to support summer research of students in botany. They are nonservice awards.
The William Chambers Coker Fellowship is awarded annually to a student or students in the final years of work toward a doctor of philosophy in a botanical field. This is a nonservice award that carries with it an additional supplement for tuition and fees.
The Mrs. W. C. Coker Fellowship is awarded annually to an outstanding first-year graduate student in plant biology. This is also a nonservice award that carries with it an additional supplement for tuition and fees.
The H. V. Wilson Marine Scholarship is awarded annually for summer work at a marine laboratory. It is a nonservice award.
The stated prerequisites should be interpreted to read "or equivalent" and may be waived by the course instructor for students who are adequately prepared.
321 [124] INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202, 205, and permission of the instructor. This course provides a general overview of the evolution, organization, and function of the immune system. Instruction will be inquiry-based with extensive use of informational and instructional technology tools. Spring. Bollenbacher, Weintraub.
324 [135] MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 and BIOL 205, or permission of the instructor. This course covers the molecular mechanisms of human diseases, including genetic diseases, infectious diseases, immunodeficiencies, nutritional disorders, cancer, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Bollenbacher, Weintraub.
350 [126] OCEANOGRAPHY (MASC 401) (ENVR 417) (GEOL 403) (3). Prerequisite, major in a natural science or at least two college-level courses in natural sciences. The origin of ocean basins, chemistry and dynamics of seawater, biological communities and processes, the sedimentary record, and the history of oceanography. Term paper. Intended for students with college science background; other students should see Geology 12. Three lecture hours a week. Fall, Neumann. Spring, staff (Marine Sciences).
422 [108] MICROBIOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 202 or consent of instructor. Bacterial form, growth, physiology, genetics, and diversity. Bacterial interactions including symbiosis and pathogenesis (animal and plant). Use of bacteria in biotechnology. Brief introduction to fungi and viruses. Three lecture hours per week. Fall. Matthysse.
422L [108L] MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY (1 or 2). Prerequisite or corequisite, BIOL 422. Sterile technique, bacterial growth and physiology, bacterial genetics, bacteriophage, and bacterial diversity. One or two laboratory hours per week. Fall. Matthysse.
423L [163] LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN GENETICS (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 202. Experiments using a range of organisms from bacteria to Drosophila, higher plants, and man to sample organismal and molecular genetics. One lecture hour and four laboratory hours a week. Spring. Grant.
424 [115] STRATEGIES OF HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 205 and 422, or equivalents. There is great variety in how microbes colonize and live with their hosts. The course will summarize strategies of pathogenicity, symbiosis, commensalism, and mutualism. Evolutionary, cellular, and molecular aspects will be analyzed. Spring. (Alternate years.) Dangl.
425 [122] HUMAN GENETICS (GNET 425) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 202. Pedigree analysis, inheritance of complex traits, DNA damage and repair, human genome organization, DNA fingerprinting, the genes of hereditary diseases, chromosomal aberrations, cancer and oncogenes, immunogenetics, and tissue transplants. Three lecture hours a week. Fall. Maroni.
426 [134] BIOLOGY OF BLOOD DISEASES (PATH 426) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 or permission of the instructor. An introduction to the biology and pathophysiology of blood and the molecular mechanisms of some human diseases, including malignant neoplasms, anemias, hemophilias, thrombophilias, atherosclerosis, and viral infections. Fall. Church.
427 [127] HUMAN POPULATION GENETICS (3).
429 [125] CLINICAL AND COUNSELING ASPECTS OF HUMAN GENETICS (GNET 635) (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 122 and permission of the instructor. Topics in clinical genetics including pedigree analysis, counseling/ethical issues, genetic testing, screening, and issues in human research are taught in a small group format. Active student participation is expected. Three lecture hours per week. Spring. Roche.
430 [130] INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (CHEM 430) (3). Prerequisites, CHEM 262, 262L, BIOL 101. The study of cellular processes including catalysis, metabolism, bioenergetics, and biochemical genetics. The structure and function of biological macromolecules involved in these processes are emphasized. Fall and spring. Biological Chemistry faculty.
434 [164] MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (3). Prerequisites or corequisites, CHEM 261 and BIOL 202. Emphasis is on prokaryotic molecular biology, plasmids, l-phage, and single-strand phages. Three lecture hours a week. Fall and spring. Searles, Stafford.
435 [171] MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES (4). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor; BIOL 434 recommended. Experiments with bacterial phage, nucleic acid isolation and properties, recombinant DNA techniques and DNA sequencing. Additional hours in laboratory are necessary to complete assignments. Fall. Stafford.
436 [131] ENDOCRINOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205. Principles of neuroendocrine and endocrine systems of vertebrates and selected invertebrates with consideration of the anatomy and physiology of glands of internal secretion. Hormone chemistry and interendocrine relationships are also emphasized. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Bollenbacher.
438 [190] FRONTIERS IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (4). Prerequisites, two courses in biology and permission of the instructor. Does not count toward a major in biology. Fall. (Available by correspondence.)
439 [165] INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, 202, 205. This course presents an introduction to signal transduction pathways used by higher eukaryotes. Several signaling paradigms will be discussed to illustrate the ways that cells transmit information. Three lecture hours per week. Fall. Kieber.
441 [104] VERTEBRATE EMBRYOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 252 or 205. Principles of development including gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, germ layer formation, organogenesis, and techniques of experimental analysis of developmental processes. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Harris.
441L [104L] VERTEBRATE EMBRYOLOGY LABORATORY (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, BIOL 441. Descriptive and experimental aspects of vertebrate development. Four to six laboratory hours a week. Spring. Harris.
443 [144] DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202, 205 and CHEM 261. An experimental approach to an understanding of developmental processes and the molecular mechanisms that control cell growth and cell differentiation. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Bautch, Peifer.
445 [169] CANCER BIOLOGY (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202, 205. Selected examples will be used to illustrate how basic research allows us to understand the mechanistic basis of cancer and how these insights offer hope for new treatments. Three lecture hours per week. Spring. Duronio, Peifer.
446 [166] UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN CELLULAR BIOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205. A survey of areas of current interest in cytology, embryology, and genetics with concentration on problems that remain unsolved but appear to be near solution. Three lecture and discussion hours a week. Fall. Harris.
447 [129] LABORATORY IN CELL BIOLOGY (4). Prerequisites, grade of B- or better in BIOL 205. Modern methods to study cells, technical skills necessary for research in cell and molecular biology, knowledge of good lab practice, operation of technical instrumentation. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week. Spring. A. Jones.
448 [167] ADVANCED CELL BIOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205. An advanced course in cell biology with emphasis on the biochemistry and molecular biology of cell structure and function. Three lecture hours a week. Fall. Kieber.
450 [121] INTRODUCTION TO NEUROBIOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 202 and 205. Survey of neurobiological principals, including development, morphology, physiology, and molecular mechanisms in vertebrates and invertebrates. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Bollenbacher.
451 [120] COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, 101L, PHYS 104 and 105. An examination of the physiology of animals using a comparative approach. Both invertebrate and vertebrate animals are discussed in order to elucidate general principles. Spring. Kier.
452 [170] MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS IN BIOLOGY (MATH 452) (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 202, 201, MATH 231, MATH 232 (or STAT 151). Introduction to analytical, computational, and statistical techniques, such as discrete models, numerical integration of ordinary differential equations, and likelihood functions, to explore topics from various fields of biology. Three lecture hours and one recitation hour per week. Fall. Servedio, Elston.
453 [150] ANIMAL SOCIETIES AND COMMUNICATION (3). Prerequisite or corequisite, BIOL 278. Comparative review of animal societies; diversity of social structure, social dynamics, communication, ecology, and evolution of social organization. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Wiley.
454 [158] EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 and 201 or permission of the instructor. The roles of mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection in the evolution of the genotype and phenotype. Basic principles are applied to special interest topics. Three lecture hours a week. Fall. (Alternate years). Burch, Vision.
455 [154] BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 or permission of the instructor. The neurobiological basis of animal behavior at the level of cells, neural circuits, sensory systems, and organisms. Lecture topics range from principles of cellular neurobiology to ethological field studies. Spring. (Alternate years.) Lohmann.
456 [157] PROBLEMS IN VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION (GEOL 456) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 276 or permission of the instructor. A study of the major transitions in vertebrate evolution and associated problems in evolutionary biology, structural change, paleoecology, biogeography and earth history, physiology, and behavior. Three lecture hours a week. (On occasion.) Feduccia.
457 [148] MARINE BIOLOGY (MASC 442) (3). Prerequisites, MASC 101 or BIOL 101. A survey of plants and animals that live in the sea; characteristics of marine habitats, organisms, and the ecosystems will be emphasized. Marine environment, the organisms involved, and the ecological systems that sustain them. Fall. Moran.
459 [195] FIELD BIOLOGY AT HIGHLANDS BIOLOGICAL STATION (1-4). Prerequisite, BIOL 101 or equivalent or permission of the instructor. Content varies. Summer field biology at the Highlands Biological Station focuses generally on the special faunal and floristic processes and patterns characteristic of the southern Appalachian mountain region. Five lecture and three to five laboratory and field hours per week depending on credit. Summer. Staff.
461 [112] FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY (ECOL 461) (ENST 461) (4).
462 [146] MARINE ECOLOGY (MASC 440) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or 475. A survey of ecological and oceanographic processes structuring marine communities in a broad range of habitats with an emphasis on experimental approaches to addressing both basic and applied problems in marine systems. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Bruno.
463 [147] FIELD ECOLOGY (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 201 and one additional course in biology. Applications of ecological theory to terrestrial and/or freshwater systems. Lectures acquaint students with these systems and emphasize quantitative properties of interacting populations and communities within them. The required laboratory teaches techniques and methodology applicable for analysis of these systems. Individual and group projects emphasize experimental testing of ecological theory in the field. Two lecture and two lab hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Reice.
467 [156] EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 471 or permission of the instructor. Advanced topics in the evolution of form and function. May include issues in life-history evolution, evolutionary physiology, evolutionary morphology, and the evolution of complexity. Three lecture hours per week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Podolsky.
469 [151] BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or 278. Behavior as an adaptation to the environment. Evolution of behavioral strategies for survival and reproduction. Optimality, competition, and games that animals play." Three lecture hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) D. Pfennig.
471 [132] EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 202 and 201 or permission of the instructors. Introduction to mechanisms of evolutionary change, including natural selection, population genetics, life history evolution, speciation, and micro- macro-evolutionary trends. Three lecture hours plus two hours of laboratory/recitation per week. Fall. Pfennig, Kingsolver.
472 [103] INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TAXONOMY (4).
475 [105] BIOLOGY OF THE INVERTEBRATES (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, 101L, and one additional course in biology. An introduction to the major invertebrate phyla, emphasizing the morphology, behavior, classification, and ecology of marine invertebrates. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week. Spring. Lohmann, Podolsky.
476 [114] AVIAN BIOLOGY (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, 101L and one additional course in biology. A study of avian evolution, biogeography, ecology, and behavior, with emphasis on North Carolina avifauna. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Feduccia, Wiley.
476L [114L] AVIAN BIOLOGY LABORATORY (1). Corequisite, BIOL 476. Techniques for the study of avian evolution, ecology, and behavior, with emphasis on North Carolina birds. Three laboratory or field hours a week, including one or two weekend field trips. Spring. Wiley.
478 [110] INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY (GEOL 478) (4). Prerequisites, GEOL 159 or BIOL 101, or permission of the instructor. Study of major invertebrate phyla in the geologic record. Five-credit-hour class includes an internship (once a week) at the North Carolina Museum of Natural History as part of the APPLES service learning program in addition to the laboratory taught on campus. Fall. Carter.
490 [175] SPECIAL TOPICS (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Content will vary. Three lecture and discussion hours a week by visiting or resident faculty. Fall and spring. Staff.
501 [176] ETHICAL ISSUES IN LIFE SCIENCES (3).
514 [133] EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202, 205, 201. The course examines the mechanisms by which organisms are built and evolve. In particular, it examines how novel and complex traits and organisms arise from interactions among genes and cells. Three lecture hours per week. Fall. Pfennig, Goldstein.
522 [109] BACTERIAL GENETICS (3). Prerequisites: for undergraduates, BIOL 422; for graduate students, a molecular microbiology course. Genetics of eubacteria with emphasis on molecular genetics including regulation of gene expression, transposons, operons, regulons, plasmids, transformations and conjugation. Spring. Matthysse.
526 [162] COMPUTATIONAL GENETICS (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 202, COMP 101, STAT 151. A study of the concepts underlying the bioinformatic tools used in genetics. Topics include alignment, gene finding, expression analysis, mapping, phylogenetics, and measuring sequence divergence and polymorphism. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week. Fall. Vision.
536 [136] MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM (3).
537 [137] METABOLIC CHEMISTRY AND CELLULAR REGULATORY NETWORKS (3).
542 [188] LIGHT MICROSCOPY FOR THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 205 and permission of the instructor. Introduction to various types of light microscopy, digital and video imaging techniques and their application in biological sciences. Spring. Salmon.
551 [155] COMPARATIVE BIOMECHANICS (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, 101L, PHYS 104 and 105. The structure and function of organisms in relation to the principles of fluid mechanics and solid mechanics. Fall. (Alternate years.) Kier.
553 [152] PLANT ANATOMY (5). Prerequisite, BIOL 274. Introduction to the development and comparative anatomy of vascular plants. Practice in methods of anatomical microtechnique. Three lecture and four laboratory hours a week. Fall. (On occasion.) Staff.
554 [153] COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF VASCULAR PLANTS (5). Prerequisite, BIOL 274. Comparative morphology and evolutionary relationships of the Tracheophyta. Both living and fossil forms are considered. Three lecture and four laboratory hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Gensel.
555 [181] PALEOBOTANY (GEOL 555) (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 101-101L and permission of the instructor. An introduction to the morphology, stratigraphic occurrence, and evolutionary relationships of fossil plants. Both macrofossils and microfossils are considered. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week. Fall. (Alternate years.) Gensel.
561 [143] ECOLOGICAL PLANT GEOGRAPHY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 101. Major vegetation types of the world including their distribution, structure, and dynamics. The principle causes for the distribution of plant species and communities, such as climate, soils, and history are also discussed. Fall. (Alternate years.) Peet.
562 [141] STATISTICS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS (ECOL 562) (ENST 562) (4).
563 [145] STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (ECOL 563) (ENST 563) (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 201, STAT 11 or 31. Statistical analysis and modeling of data in ecology and evolutionary biology. Analyses are related directly to specific biological data and experiments, including student projects that involve applying techniques to data. Three lecture hours per week. Fall or spring. Kingsolver, Weiss.
564 [149] ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or a course in limnology or geochemistry. Pattern and process in natural ecosystems, with stress on comparative approaches to ecosystems analysis. Topics include primary and secondary productivity, nutrient cycling, and the biogeochemistry of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Three lecture hours a week. (On occasion). Staff.
564L [149L] ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION LABORATORY (1). Corequisite, BIOL 564 and permission of the instructor. Use of data to generate empirical models of ecosystem patterns or processes. Individual research projects. Three laboratory hours a week. Fall or spring. (On occasion.) Staff.
565 [184] CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. The application of biological science to the conservation of populations, communities, and ecosystems, including rare species management, exotic species invasions, management of natural disturbance, research strategies, and preserve design principles. Three lecture hours a week. (On occasion.) White.
579 [183] ORGANISMAL DIVERSITY (4).
621 [161] PRINCIPLES OF GENETIC ANALYSIS 1 (GNET 621) (4). Prerequisite for undergraduates, BIOL 202; for graduate students, an undergraduate genetics course or permission of the instructor. Genetic principles of genetic analysis in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Fall. Petes, Pringle.
622 [168] PRINCIPLES OF GENETIC ANALYSIS 2 (GNET 622) (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 621 (or GNET 621). Principles of genetic analysis in higher eukaryotes; genomics. Spring. Staff.
624 [160] DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS (GNET 624) (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202, 205, and permission of the instructor required of undergraduates. Genetic and molecular control of plant and animal development. Extensive reading from primary literature. Fall. Bautch, Reed.
631 [178] ADVANCED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY I (BIOC 631) (GNET 631) (MCRO 109) (PHCO 631) (3). Prerequisites, at least one undergraduate course in biochemistry and genetics. DNA structure, function, and interactions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, including chromosome structure, replication, recombination, and repair and genome fluidity. Undergraduate students should obtain permission of the instructor before registering. Three lecture hours per week. Fall. Griffith, Ramsden, Sancar.
632 [179] ADVANCED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY II (BIOC 632) (GNET 632) (MCRO 623) (PHCO 632) (3). Prerequisites, at least one undergraduate course in both biochemistry and genetics. RNA structure, function, and processing in biological systems including transcription, gene regulation, translation, and oncogenes. Three lecture hours per week. Spring. Baldwin, Marzluff, Strahl.
642 [177] CURRENT TOPICS IN CELL DIVISION (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205. An advanced course in cell and molecular biology integrating genetic, biochemical, and structural aspects of the cell cycle. Principles derived from a variety of biological systems. Extensive reading of classic papers as well as recent literature. Spring. Bloom, Salmon.
649 [254] SEMINAR IN CELL BIOLOGY (2).
657 [140] BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY (MASC 504) (ENVR 520) (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or 475 or permission. Physical, chemical, and biological factors characterizing estuarine and marine environments emphasizing factors controlling animal and plant populations including experimental approaches and methods of analysis, sampling, and identification. Five lecture and five laboratory hours a week. Summer, alternate years. (Offered on demand at the Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC.) Staff.
661 [142] PLANT ECOLOGY (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. Terrestrial, vascular plant ecology including environmental physiology, population dynamics, and community structure. Laboratory stresses collection and interpretation of field data. Three lecture and two laboratory hours a week. Fall. (Alternate years.) Peet.
663 [185] POPULATION ECOLOGY (3).
663L [185L] POPULATION ECOLOGY LAB (1).
666 [186] COMMUNITY AND SYSTEMS ECOLOGY (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. A holistic approach to ecology. State-space modeling of ecological processes. Other topics vary but may include spatial and temporal heterogeneity in communities and ecosystems; disturbance theory; decomposition; community structure and function; and freshwater ecology. Spring. (Alternate years.) Reice.
666L [186L] COMMUNITY AND SYSTEMS ECOLOGY LABORATORY (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, BIOL 666. Community and/or ecosystem modeling and computer simulation. Experimental analyses and validation in the field. Individual and group projects. Three laboratory and field hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Reice.
With approval of the instructor and The Graduate School, biology majors who need fewer than fifteen hours to complete the bachelor's degree and who have at least a B average in biology courses may take one or two courses at the 600-800 level for the purpose of later receiving graduate credit.
625 [270] SEMINAR IN GENETICS (GNET 625) (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall and spring. Bautch, Maroni, Petes, Peifer, Pukkila, Searles, Sekelsky.
639 [272] SEMINAR IN PLANT MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Current and significant problems in plant molecular and cell biology are discussed in a seminar format. Fall or spring. Dangl, A. Jones, Kieber, Liljegren.
648 [282] PALYNOLOGY (5). Prerequisite, consent of the instructor. A consideration of various aspects of palynology, including the morphology, structure, development, systematics, evolution, preparation techniques, and analysis of living and fossil pollen grains, spores, and other palynomorphs. Two lecture and six laboratory hours a week. Fall or spring. (Alternate years.) Gensel.
649 [254] SEMINAR IN CELL BIOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 or permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring. Bloom, Goldstein, Harris, Salmon.
659 [258] SEMINAR IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 471 or permission of the instructor. Advanced topics in evolutionary biology. Fall and spring. Burch, Kingsolver, D. Pfennig, Podolsky, Servedio, Willett, Vision.
662 [247] FIELD PLANT GEOGRAPHY (2). Prerequisites, BIOL 661 or 561 and permission of the instructor. Intensive literature and field study of the plant geography and ecology of a selected region. Weekly seminar-style discussion followed by approximately nine days of field experience. May be repeated for credit. Spring. (Alternate years.) Peet.
669 [255] SEMINAR IN ECOLOGY (ECOL 669) (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall and spring. Bruno, Peet, Reice, White.
758 [159] MOLECULAR POPULATION BIOLOGY (MASC 742) (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 471 and permission of the instructor. Hands-on training, experience, and discussion of the application of molecular genetic tools to questions of ecology, evolution, systematics, and conservation. Lab/recitation/fieldwork is included and contributes three credit hours to the course. Marko.
822 [275] GENETICS SYSTEMS (GNET 703) (1). A course to provide public lecture experience to advanced genetics students. Students present personal research seminars based on their individual dissertation projects. Lectures are privately critiqued by fellow students and genetics faculty. Required of all candidates for the degree in genetics. Fall and spring. Genetics faculty.
831 [252] SEMINAR IN INSECT PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND ENDOCRINOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Current topics and discussion in insect physiology, biochemistry, and endocrinology. Fall and spring. Bollenbacher, Gilbert.
832 [264] SEMINAR IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 202 or permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring. Bautch, Bloom, Stafford.
841 [253] SEMINAR IN EMBRYOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 or permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring. Bautch, Harris.
842 [268] SEMINAR IN CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor or research director. Fall and spring. Gilbert.
850 [290] SEMINAR IN NEUROBIOLOGY (NBIO 850) (PHCO 850) (PHYI 850) (3). Prerequisite, permission of the director of the Neurobiology Curriculum. An intensive consideration of selected topics and problems in neurobiology. The course focuses on the development of presentation and evaluation skills of the trainees. Six credit hours required for neurobiology graduates. Spring. Faculty of the Neurobiology Curriculum.
852 [269] SEMINAR IN PLANT SYSTEMATICS (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor or the research director. Fall and spring. Gensel, Parks.
853 [271] SEMINAR IN PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY (2). Prerequisite, permission of the research director. Fall and spring. Gensel.
854 [266] SEMINAR IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring. Kier, Lohmann, staff of Neurobiology Curriculum.
855 [256] SEMINAR IN INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 475 or permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring. Kier, Lohmann, Podolsky.
856 [257] SEMINAR IN VERTEBRATE EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring. Feduccia.
857 [259] SEMINAR IN COMPARATIVE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (NBIO 857) (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring. Lohmann, Wiley.
858 [260] SEMINAR IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY (NBIO 858) (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 451 or permission of the instructor. Fall or spring. Lohmann.
859 [265] SEMINAR IN MARINE BIOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring. Kier, Podolsky.
890 [250] SPECIAL SEMINAR (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Consideration of special topics in biology. May be repeated for credit. Fall or spring (as occasion demands). Staff.
891 [251] GRADUATE SEMINAR IN BIOLOGY (2). Prerequisite, graduate standing or permission of the instructor. A course to provide public lecture experience to advanced biology students. Students present individual research seminars based upon their dissertation projects. Lectures are critiqued by fellow students and biology faculty. Required of all candidates for the degree in biology. Fall and spring. Staff.
Courses numbered 900 and above are designed for applicants for advanced degrees. Each course requires permission of the instructor or the research director. Each may be repeated for two or more semesters for credit.
901 [299] INTRODUCTION TO GRADUATE RESEARCH (Var.). Graduate research for six weeks in two laboratories. Designed primarily to acquaint first-year students with research techniques and to assess their propensity for research. Arranged by mutual agreement of students and faculty members during fall orientation. May be repeated once for credit. Six to nine hours per week. Fall and spring. Staff.
921 [305] RESEARCH IN GENETICS (GNET 905) (2 or more). Ahmed, Bautch, Duronio, Goldstein, Liljegren, Maroni, Matthysse, Matson, Petes, Pukkila, Searles, Sekelsky, Vision.
931 [308] RESEARCH IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2 or more). Bloom, Bautch, Duronio, Gilbert, Searles, Stafford.
932 [314] RESEARCH IN PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2 or more). Fall and spring. Copenhaver, Dangl, A. Jones, Kieber, Liljegren, Reed.
941 [300] RESEARCH IN CYTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY (2 or more). Bollenbacher, Conlon, Gilbert, Goldstein, Harris, Liljegren, Salmon.
942 [304] RESEARCH IN EMBRYOLOGY (2 or more). Bautch, Gilbert, Harris, Peifer.
943 [309] RESEARCH IN PHYSIOLOGY: CELLULAR, COMPARATIVE, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2 or more). Bollenbacher, Gilbert, Kier, Lohmann, Salmon.
951 [302] RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY (NBIO 951) (PHCO 951) (PHYI 951) (2 or more). Bollenbacher, Gilbert, Wiley, and faculty of the Neurobiology Curriculum.
952 [303] RESEARCH IN ETHOLOGY AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (2 or more). Kier, Lohmann, Wiley.
953 [306] RESEARCH IN MARINE SCIENCES (MASC 940) (2 or more). Kier, Lohmann, Peterson, Podolsky.
954 [307] RESEARCH IN MARINE SCIENCES ON MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ICHTHYOLOGY, OR OCEANOGRAPHY (at the Institute for Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC) (2 or more). Approval by the Department of Biology required. Chestnut, Fahy, Peterson, Schwartz.
955 [310] RESEARCH IN VERTEBRATE OR INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (2 or more). Feduccia, Kier, Lohmann.
957 [316] RESEARCH IN PLANT SYSTEMATICS (2 or more). Fall and spring. Parks, staff.
958 [317] RESEARCH IN PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY (2 or more). Fall and spring. Gensel.
959 [318] RESEARCH IN PALEOBOTANY (2 or more). Fall and spring. Gensel.
961 [301] RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY (2 or more). Kingsolver, Peet, Peterson, Reice, Stiven, White, Wiley.
993 [393] MASTER'S THESIS IN BIOLOGY (3 or more). Fall and spring. Staff.
994 [394] DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN BIOLOGY (3 or more). Fall and spring. Staff.