Department of Religious Studies
LAURIE MAFFLY-KIPP, Chair
RANDALL STYERS, Interim Chair (Fall 2008)
Professors
Yaakov S. Ariel (48) Judaism and Evangelical Christianity in America, Messianic Movements and Missions, Christian-Jewish Relationship
Jonathan Boyarin (63) Jewish Identity, Politics of Memory, Comparative Diaspora
Bart D. Ehrman (19) New Testament, Early Christianity
Carl W. Ernst (42) Islamic Studies, Sufism, South Asia
Peter I. Kaufman (16) History of Christian Traditions; Patristic, Medieval and Reformation Studies
Jodi Magness (54) Archaeology of the Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Ancient Synagogues
Ruel W. Tyson Jr. (13) Philosophy and Anthropology of Religion, Ethics and Rhetoric
Associate Professors
Laurie Maffly-Kipp (29) History of Religion in America, African American Religion
Zlatko Plese (49) Religion in Late Antiquity, Greco-Roman Religion
Omid Safi (60) Islamic Studies, Contemporary Islamic Thought
Randall Styers (52) Critical Approaches to the Study of Religion, Modern Western Religious Thought
Assistant Professors
Barbara Ambros (57) Japanese Religions, East Asian Religions, Buddhism, Religion in Asian Diaspora Communities
Lauren Leve (56) Theravada Buddhism, Ethnographic Methods, South and Southeast Asian Religions
Adjunct Professors
Philip Gura, Religion and American Literature
Jonathan Hess, Modern Judaism
Paul W. Meyer, New Testament and Early Christianity
Albert Rabil, Renaissance and Early Modern History, Women's Studies
Tony K. Stewart, Vaishnavism and Islam in South Asia
Adjunct Associate Professor
Margaret Wiener, Indonesian Religions
Adjunct Assistant Professors
Charles Kurzman, Islamic Movements
Barry Saunders, Ritual Studies and Biomedicine
Professors Emeriti
John W. Dixon Jr.
William J. Peck
David Halperin
James H. Sanford
Jack M. Sasson
John H. Schutz
John Van Seters
The graduate program in religious studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill deals with religion both as a distinctive human experience and as a mode of culture and history. Both orientations define religion as a broad area of human existence, and students are encouraged to explore the tension between those two general approaches. The interests of the department's faculty express the variety of methodological orientations in such study, and faculty members in other departments of the University offer strong interdisciplinary support.
The Graduate School of the University offers two degrees in religious studies, the master of arts and the doctor of philosophy. The M.A. program introduces students to the general problems and methods in the study of religion. Specific requirements include:
• 30 hours of course credit, including RELI 700 and one "gateway" course
• Two written comprehensive examinations, one in the general field of religion and one in a specialty field;
• A thesis of three to six credits and an oral defense and
• Demonstrated competence in French or German
The doctoral program is primarily intended to prepare students for a career in university and college teaching and research in religious studies. It currently offers specialization in ancient Mediterranean religions, Islamic studies, medieval and early modern studies, religion in the Americas, religion and culture, and religions of Asia.
Ph.D. students should expect to take at least 18 hours course work beyond the M.A. level. Other requirements in the doctoral program include
• Completion of requirements in one of the specialty fields noted above
• Written and oral qualifying examinations specific to the field of specialization
• Demonstrated reading competence in French and German and
• A dissertation (and an oral defense of the dissertation)
For further information, write to the Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Religious Studies, CB# 3225, 125 Saunders Hall, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, N.C. 27599-3225; e-mail: religion@unc.edu. Also see the department's Web site at www.unc.edu/depts/rel_stud.
Courses for Graduates and Advanced Undergraduates
401 [113] BIBLICAL HEBREW (3). Introduction to the grammar and exegesis of biblical Hebrew. Staff.
402 [114] BIBLICAL HEBREW (3). Prerequisite, RELI 401 or permission of the instructor. Continuation of RELI 401. Staff.
403 [115] INTERMEDIATE CLASSICAL HEBREW (3). Readings in biblical, Mishnaic and medieval poetry and prose. Staff.
404 [116] INTERMEDIATE CLASSICAL HEBREW (3). Continuation of RELI 403. Staff.
409 [119] GREEK NEW TESTAMENT (GREK 409) (3). Prerequisite, GREK 222 or equivalent. Staff.
410 [224] ARAMAIC/RABBINIC HEBREW (3). Prerequisites, RELI 403 and 404, or permission of the instructor. Reading texts in rabbinic Hebrew or in Biblical and/or Talmudic Aramaic, with appropriate grammatical instruction. Staff.
411 [220] ADVANCED AKKADIAN (3). Prerequisites, RELI 403 and 404. Readings in literary, epistolary and juridical texts. Staff.
412 [222] UGARITIC (3). Prerequisites, RELI 403 and 404. Readings in the alphabetic texts of Ras Shamra and a study of the elements of Ugaritic grammar. Staff.
413 [112] BIBLICAL COPTIC AND EARLY EGYPTIAN MONASTICISM (3). Permission of the instructor. Coptic, the last stage of Egyptian, a living language in the Roman and Byzantine period. Thorough grounding in grammar of the Sahidic dialect as a basis for reading biblical monastic and Gnostic texts. Staff.
421 RELIGION AND SCIENCE (3). This course explores the complex relation between religion and science in the modern world. Public disputes over teaching evolution in American schools serve as a central case study of this. Staff.
422 [107] TOPICS IN PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS IN RELIGION (3). Prerequisite, senior or graduate standing or permission of the instructor. Topic varies. Staff.
423 [156] ETHNICITY, RACE AND RELIGION IN AMERICA (3). Prerequisite, RELI 140 or permission of the instructor. A theoretical inquiry into ethnicity, race and religion as constituents of personal and communal identity. Emphasis on global migrations, colonial and postcolonial relations, diasporic communities and issues of religious pluralism. Staff.
424 [182] GENDERS AND THEORIES IN THE STUDY OF RELIGION (WMST 424) (3). An examination of contemporary gender theory, with particular focus on its application to the study of religion. Staff.
425 [036] PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION (3). A critical exploration of the concept of religious experience as defined by such authors as William James and Sigmund Freud. Staff.
428 [142] RELIGION AND ANTHROPOLOGY (ANTH 428, FOLK 428) (3). Religion studied anthropologically as a cultural, social, psychological phenomenon in the works of classical and contemporary social thought. Staff.
429 [190] RELIGION AND SOCIETY (SOCI 429) (3). Sociological analysis of group beliefs and practices, both traditionally religious and secular, through which fundamental life experiences are given coherence and meaning. Staff.
438 [130] RELIGION, NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT (ANTH 438) (3). A seminar on concepts of nature within religions and a variety of worldwide spiritual traditions. Emphasis on sacred space, place and pilgrimage as a vital intersection of religion and nature. Staff.
440 [140] STUDIES IN AMERICAN RELIGION (3). Permission of the instructor. A consideration of varying topics from intellectual, literary, social and cultural dimensions of American religion. Staff.
441 [148] HISTORY OF RELIGION IN AMERICA TO 1865 (3). An examination of primary sources in the history of American religion from the precolonial era to the Civil War. Staff.
442 [149] HISTORY OF RELIGION IN AMERICA SINCE 1865 (3). An examination of primary sources in the history of American religion since the Civil War. Staff.
443 [153] EVANGELICALISM IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICA (3). Prerequisite, junior or senior standing. Examination of evangelicalism and its role in American society, politics and culture. Exploration of its various subdivisions and its relation to such movements as fundamentalism, pentecostalism, revivalism and premillennialism. Staff.
444 [154] GENDER AND SEXUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY JUDAISM (JWST 444) (3). The seminar examines the developments in gender roles and in sexuality in contemporary Judaism. Staff.
445 [155] ASIAN RELIGIONS IN AMERICA (ASIA 445) (3). A study of intercultural interaction and interreligious encounter focusing on Asian religions in America, 1784 to the present. Staff.
454 THE REFORMATION (HIST 454) (3). Examines a movement of religious reform that shattered Latin Christendom and contributed many of the conditions of early Modern Europe. Emphases: religious, political, social. Staff.
463 [465] MEDIEVAL SLAVIC CULTURE (SLAV 463) (3). Survey of medieval Slavic culture, beginning with Christianization in the ninth and 10th centuries. Themes include Byzantine missions, the replacement of paganism with Christianity, the oral traditions and Slavic literary relations. Readings in English for nonSlavic concentrators. Staff.
480 [086] MODERN MUSLIM LITERATURES (3). Stresses the diversity of modern Islamic experience by examining the works of various Muslim authors. Genres may include travelogues, memoirs, novels, sermons and treatises, among others. Staff.
481 RELIGION, FUNDAMENTALISM AND NATIONALISM (PWAD 481) (3). An exploration of explosive combinations of religion and politics in the Iranian revolution, the Palestinian movement, Hindu nationalism in India and Christian fundamentalism in America. Staff.
487 MOUNTAINS, PILGRIMAGE AND SACRED PLACES IN JAPAN (ASIA 487) (3). This course explores the role that mountains and pilgrimage have played in Japanese cosmology and how they relate to methodology of studying place and space. Staff.
488 SHINTO IN JAPANESE HISTORY (ASIA 488) (3). This course discusses the development of Shinto in Japanese history and covers themes such as myths, syncretism, sacred sites, iconography, nativism, religion and the state, and historiography. Staff.
490 [161] SELECTED TOPICS IN THE STUDY OF ASIAN RELIGIONS (3). Permission of the instructor. A close examination of a selected topic in Asian religions. Staff.
502 [121] MYTHS AND EPICS OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST (FOLK 502) (3). Permission of the instructor. An examination of Babylonian, Canaanite, Egyptian, Hittite and Sumerian texts from the prebiblical era, focusing on representative myths, epics, sagas, songs, proverbs, prophecies and hymns. Staff.
503 [122] EXPLORING THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS (JWST 503) (3). A comprehensive introduction to the Dead Sea Scrolls and the different Jewish groups connected with them. Staff.
512 [111] ANCIENT SYNAGOGUES (CLAR 512, JWST 512) (3). Prerequisite, RELI 110 or permission of the instructor. This is a course on ancient synagogues in Palestine and the Diaspora from the Second Temple period to the seventh century A.D. Staff.
522 [186] 19TH-CENTURY CRITIQUES OF RELIGION (3). Permission of the instructor. An exploration of influential 19th-century critiques of religion, including texts by such thinkers as Feuerbach, Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Stanton, Douglass and Freud. Staff.
524 ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACHES TO CONTEMPORARY RELIGION (3). Considers key ethical, epistemological and methodological problems in the ethnographic study of contemporary religion(s). Explores innovations in project design, research and textual strategies through the lens of exemplary new works. Staff.
525 [311] SEMINAR IN RELIGION AND LITERATURE (3). Seminar topic varies. Staff.
528 [187] RITUALS AND RHETORICS OF RELIGION (3). An examination of ritual, allegory and symbol as modes of religious expression in cultic and literary contexts. Staff.
534 [191] RELIGIOUS ETHICS AND ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE (3). Prerequisite, senior or graduate standing. Examination of religious-ethical dimensions of such issues as the dying patient, organ transplants, abortion, prolongation of life and experimentation on human beings, drawing on theory from the traditional Western religions and the social sciences. Staff.
540 [152] MORMONISM AND THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE (3). Prerequisite, RELI 140 or permission of the instructor. Exploration of the history, beliefs and practices of Mormons. Will include visits to Latter-Day Saints services, guest speakers and discussion of race and gender in the contemporary church. Staff.
574 [591] CHINESE WORLD VIEWS (ANTH 574, ASIA 574) (3). Explores the indigenous Chinese sciences and the cosmological ideas that informed them. Topics include astronomy, divination, medicine, feng shui and political and literary theory. Chinese sources in translation are emphasized. Staff.
580 [091] AFRICAN AMERICAN ISLAM (AFAM 580) (3). An historical examination of African American Islam in the United States. Explores the intellectual, cultural, social and political roots of black Islam in addition to its diverse doctrinal, ritual and institutional manifestations. Staff.
581 [171] SUFISM (ASIA 581) (3). Permission of the instructor. A survey of Islamic mysticism, its sources in the Qur'an and the Prophet Muhammad, and its literary, cultural and social deployment in Arab, Persian, Indic and Turkish regions. Staff.
582 [172] ISLAM AND ISLAMIC ART IN SOUTH ASIA (ASIA 582) (3). A survey of the formation of Islamic traditions in the subcontinent from the eighth century to the present, with emphasis on religion and politics, the role of Sufism, types of popular religion and questions of Islamic identity. Staff.
583 [173] RELIGION AND CULTURE IN IRAN, 1500–PRESENT (ASIA 583) (3). Iran from the rise of the Safavid empire to the Islamic Republic. Topics include Shi'ism, politics, intellectual and sectarian movements, encounters with colonialism, art and architecture, music, literature. Staff.
584 THE QUR'AN AS LITERATURE (ASIA 584) (3). A nontheological approach to the Qur'an as a literary text, emphasizing its history, form, style and interpretation. Staff.
592 [176] RELIGIOUS CONFLICT AND NARRATIVE IN INDIA (HNUR 592) (3). Historical causes of violence between Hindus and Muslims in modern India. Short stories, poetry and novels in translation used to explore how conflicts over religious sites, religious conversion, image worship and language use contributed to a sense of conflicting religious identity. Staff.
602 WHAT ARE THE HOLY SCRIPTURES? THE FORMATION OF THE HEBREW CANON (JWST 602) (3). The courses traces the canonical process that led to the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Old Testament. Historical causes of violence between Hindus and Muslims in modern India. Short stories, poetry and novels in translation used to explore how conflicts over religious sites, religious conversion, image worship and language use contributed to a sense of conflicting religious identity. Staff.
605 [110] JOSEPH—KING OF DREAMS: JOSEPH IN BIBLE AND TRADITION (3). A study of the Joseph story as preserved in Genesis 37–50 and its interpretative history in early Judaism. Staff.
607 PROBLEMS IN EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE AND HISTORY (3). Prerequisite, one of the following: RELI 104, 207 or 208, or permission of the instructor. Staff.
608 [123] THE MESSIAH AND THE APOCALYPSE (3). Ideas concerning the Messiah and the end of the world held by Jews, Christians and Muslims. Emphasis on the beginning of the Christian era. Staff.
617 [129] DEATH AND AFTERLIFE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD (3). Examinations of practices and discourses pertaining to death and the afterlife in the ancient civilizations of Near East, Greece and Rome. Staff.
681 [179] READINGS IN ISLAMICATE LITERATURES (ARAB 681, ASIA 681) (3). Permission of the instructor. Study of selected religious, literary and historical texts in Arabic, Persian or Urdu. Staff.
688 [288] OBSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RELIGIOUS ACTION (ANTH 688, FOLK 688) (3). Permission of the instructor. Exercises (including field work) in learning to read the primary modes of public action in religious traditions, e.g., sermons, testimonies, rituals and prayers. Staff.
700 [200] PROSEMINAR IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES (3). Prerequisite, graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. A basic problems and methods course required of all graduate students in religious studies. Staff.
702 [241] RELIGION AND LITERATURE OF ISRAEL (3). A study of the religious traditions in ancient Israelite literature from the 12th through the second centuries BCE. Staff.
704 [266] READINGS IN RELIGIONS OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST (3). Focusing on the Mediterranean religions before Alexander, the course consists of readings of original documents in translation, illustrating theology and cult, as well as on the major history of religions interpretations. Staff.
707 [227] EARLY CHRISTIAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. A critical study of the history and literature of early Christianity from Paul to Irenaeus, with texts to be read in the original languages. Staff.
712 [263] EARLY JEWISH HISTORY AND LITERATURE (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. An examination of the main varieties of prerabbinic Judaism: Hellenistic Judaism, apocalyptic Judaism and the Judaism of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Staff.
718 [226] READINGS IN GRECO-ROMAN RELIGION (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Opportunity for reading of ancient documents representing the more important religious trends of the Greco-Roman world. Staff.
720 [244] CRITICAL AND COMPARATIVE LINEAGES IN RELIGION AND CULTURE (3). Exploration of intellectual lineages shaping the contemporary study of religion and culture. Staff.
721 [247] THEORIES OF RELIGION AND CULTURE (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Studies in early modern, Enlightenment and Romantic political, philosophical and literary texts. Staff.
723 [240] CRITICAL APPROACHES TO RELIGION AND CULTURE (3). Prerequisite, graduate standing in religious studies, or permission of the instructor. Exploration of various forms of contemporary critical thought (including gender theory, critical race theory and postcolonial studies) in order to assess the value of these critical tools for the study of religion. Staff.
734 [245] STUDIES IN THE RHETORIC OF IMAGES (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Selected readings on image production, exhibition and interpretation, with consideration of different ritual and cultic settings. Staff.
735 [246] CRITICAL WORKS IN RELIGION AND LITERATURE (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Textual analysis of several theoretical and literary works dealing with selected problems in religion and literature. Staff.
740 [202] APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF AMERICAN RELIGIONS (3). Prerequisite, graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. Consideration of methods, theories, and interpretations that have been influential in the study of American religion. Tweed.
741 [203] THEMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN RELIGIOUS HISTORY (3). Prerequisite, graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. A historical and thematic survey of the religions of African Americans from the precolonial era to the present. Staff.
742 [204] RELIGION AND LITERATURE IN AMERICA (3). Prerequisite, graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. A study of the religious tradition in American literature from the Puritan period to the present. Staff.
743 [205] CURRENT TRENDS IN AMERICAN JUDAISM (3). The course aims at examining the current developments in American Judaism: cultural, spiritual, liturgical, as well as social and institutional. Staff.
744 [248] READINGS IN AMERICAN RELIGION TO 1865 (3). An examination of primary sources in the history of American religion from the precolonial era to the Civil War. Staff.
745 [249] READINGS IN AMERICAN RELIGION SINCE 1865 (3). An examination of primary sources in the history of American religion since the Civil War. Staff.
746 [314] THE CHRISTIAN-JEWISH ENCOUNTER IN AMERICA (3). Course examines the Christian-Jewish encounter in America from the 17th century to the present. Analyzes both theological and social interactions. Staff.
760 [207] APPROACHES TO MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN STUDIES (3). Prerequisite, graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. An introduction to the problems and methods in the study of medieval and early modern religion in the West. Staff.
780 [277] METHODS IN ISLAMIC STUDIES (3). Principal topics will include the history of Islamic studies in relation to Orientalism, area studies and religious studies; problems of anti-Islamic bias and stereotypes; use of textbooks, primary sources, novels, films and the Internet; teaching the Qur'an; the Muslim presence in Europe and America; contemporary reflection on classical sources; modern Muslim thinkers; gender studies; and other related subjects. (Gateway course.) Staff.
781 ANTHROPOLOGY OF ISLAM (3). Survey of anthropological and ethnographic approaches to Muslim societies with an emphasis on the multiple cultural locations of Islam, in contrast with the Orientalist definition of Islam as a purely textual religion. Staff.
801 [305] SEMINAR IN BIBLICAL STUDIES (3). Topics vary; consult the department. Staff.
807 [306] HELLENISTIC RELIGIOUS TEXTS IN GREEK (3). Studies in Greek texts drawn from early Christianity, Judaism, and other religions of the Greco-Roman World. Staff.
808 [268] THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS (3). Prerequisites, Greek and permission of the instructor. A study of selected works of the Apostolic Fathers, including Barnabas, Ignatius and Polycarp. Staff.
809 [275] TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF THE GREEK BIBLE (3). Prerequisites, Greek and permission of the instructor. Reconstruction; application of text-critical principles. Staff.
810 [223] READINGS IN EARLY JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN APOCALYPTIC (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Readings from apocalyptic texts in the original languages. Staff.
812 [231] DIASPORA JUDAISM (CLAR 812) (3). Prerequisite, graduate standing or permission of the instructor. Seminar examines the evidence for the ancient Jewish communities of Egypt, Rome, Asia Minor and Mesopotamia. Staff.
813 [302] READINGS IN TALMUD (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. An introduction to the study of the Babylonian Talmud in the original Hebrew and Aramaic, with the traditional commentaries. The emphasis is on understanding Talmudic logic. Staff.
814 [264] PROBLEMS IN RABBINIC HISTORIOGRAPHY (3). Prerequisite, RELI 712 or permission of the instructor. Examination of the methodological problems of using rabbinic materials as sources for the history of Judaism in the period after 70 CE. Staff.
817 [229] ANCIENT RHETORIC AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Survey of the development of rhetorical theory and practice through the Hellenistic and Roman Period. Explores the connection between rhetorical tradition and early Christian literature. Staff.
818 [307] THE GNOSTIC SCRIPTURES (3). Prerequisite, RELI 413 or permission of the instructor. Close reading and interpretation of ancient gnostic texts found near Nag Hammadi in Egypt. Staff.
819 [262] ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY (3). Prerequisite, proficiency in Greek and/or Latin. Survey of the Hellenistic schools of philosophy and their impact on early Christian theories of the universe, ethics, cultural history and salvation. Staff.
821 [310] SEMINAR IN RELIGION AND CULTURE (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Topics vary; consult the department. Staff.
823 [309] POSTCOLONIAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. An examination of major themes in contemporary postcolonial thought, and the application of this work to the study of religion. Staff.
835 [313] SPACE, PLACE AND RELIGION (3). This interdisciplinary graduate seminar focuses on religion, space and place in the United States. Staff.
838 TOPICS IN RELIGION AND LAW (3). This course examines selected themes in legal and social theory relating to the position of religion in contemporary American society. Staff.
840 [303] SEMINAR IN AMERICAN RELIGION (3). Topics vary. May be repeated for credit. Staff.
841 [304] RELIGION AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN AMERICA (3). Historical analysis of the relationship between religious developments and social issues in America. Topics may include economics, politics and social reform. Staff.
842 [312] RELIGION AND CULTURAL CONTACT IN AMERICA (3). Examination of religion in America through instances of intercultural contact. Topics vary. Staff.
843 [206] ROMAN CATHOLICISM IN AMERICA (3). A seminar on Roman Catholicism in the United States that also considers developments elsewhere in the Western hemisphere. Focus is on ritual practice and visual culture. Staff.
866 [269] MEDIEVAL RELIGIOUS TEXTS (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Selected texts which illumine significant aspects of medieval religious culture are read in the original languages. Staff.
867 [270] TEXTS OF THE CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT REFORMATIONS (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Selected texts which illumine significant aspects of the Catholic and Protestant Reformations are read in the original languages. Staff.
870 [308] METHODS AND TOPICS IN THE STUDY OF WESTERN RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Exploration of one enduring issue in the history of the Western Christian tradition. The instructor selects several case studies that illustrate both the topic and the developments within traditions. Staff.
890 [299] TOPICS IN THE STUDY OF RELIGION (3). Prerequisite, graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. Topics vary. Staff.
900 [325] READINGS AND RESEARCH (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Staff.
990 PRELIMINARY PREPARATION (Var.).
993 [393] MASTER'S THESIS (3 or more). Staff.
994 [394] DOCTORAL DISSERTATION (Var.). Staff.