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Publications:
Paerl, H. W. and C. Tucker. 1995.
Ecology of blue-green algae in aquaculture ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26:109-137.
Paerl, H. W. 1995.
Coastal eutrophication in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition: Current perspectives. Ophelia 41:237-259.
Paerl, H. W., M. L. Fogel, P. W. Bates and P. M. O'Donnell. 1995.
Is there a link between atmospheric nitrogen deposition and eutrophication in coastal waters? pp. 197-201 in K. L. Dyer (ed.), Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications for Science and Management. Olsen and Olsen, Copenhagen.
Pinckney, J. L., H. W. Paerl and B. M. Bebout. 1995.
Salinity controls of benthic microbial mat community production in a Bahamian hypersaline lagoon. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 187:223-237.
Tester, P. A., M. E. Geesey, C. Guo, H. W. Paerl and D. Millie. 1995. Evaluating phytoplankton dynamics in the Newport River Estuary (North Carolina, USA) by HPLC-derived pigment profiles. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124:237-245.
Thompson, S. P., H. W. Paerl and Malia C. Go. 1995.
Seasonal patterns of denitrifi-cation in a natural and a restored salt marsh. Estuaries 18:399-408.
Paerl, H. W., J. L. Pinckney and S. Kucera. 1995.
Clarification of the structural and functional roles of heterocysts and anoxic microzones in the control of pelagic nitrogen fixation. Limnology and Oceanography 40:634-638.
Pinckney, J. L., H. W. Paerl and M. Fitzpatrick. 1995.
Impacts of seasonality and nutrients on microbial mat community structure and function. Marine Ecology Progress Series 123:207-216.
Zehr, J. P., S. Braun, W. Litaker, T. Steppe and H. W. Paerl. 1995.
Diversity of heterotrophic nitrogen fixing genes in a marine cyanobacterial mat. Applied Environmental Microbiology 61:2527-2532.
Pinckney, J. L., H. W. Paerl, R.P. Reid and B. M. Bebout. 1995.
Ecophysiology of stromatolitic microbial mats, Stocking Island, Exuma Cays, Bahamas. Microbial Ecology 29:19-37.
Currin, C. A., S. Y. Newell and H. W. Paerl. 1995.
The role of benthic microalgae and standing dead Spartina alterniflora in salt marsh food webs: Implications based on multiple stable isotope analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 121:99-116.
Paerl, H. W. 1996.
Microscale physiological and ecological studies of aquatic cyano-bacteria: Macroscale implications. Microscopy Research and Techniques 33:47-72.
Paerl, H. W. and J. L. Pinckney. 1996.
A mini-review of microbial consortia: Their role in aquatic production and biogeochemical cycling. Microbial Ecology 31:225-247.
Paerl, H. W., M. Fitzpatrick and B. M. Bebout. 1996.
Seasonal nitrogen fixation dynamics in a marine microbial mat: Potential roles of cyanobacteria and microheterotrophs. Limnology and Oceanography 41:419-427.
Steppe, T. F., J. B. Olson, H. W. Paerl and J. Belnap. 1996.
Consortial N 2 fixa-tion: A strategy for meeting nitrogen requirements of marine and terrestrial cyanobacterial mats. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 21:149-156.
Paerl, H. W. 1996.
A comparison of cyanobacterial bloom dynamics is freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. Phycologia 35(6):25-35.
Paerl, H. W. and D. F. Millie. 1996.
Physiological ecology of toxic cyanobacteria. Phycologia 35(6):160-167.
Pinckney, J. L. and H. W. Paerl. 1997.
Anoxygenic photosynthesis and N 2 fixation by a microbial mat community in a Bahamian hypersaline lagoon. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63:420-426.
Piehler, M. F. and H. W. Paerl. 1996.
Enhanced biodegradation of diesel fuel through the addition of particulate organic carbon and inorganic nutrients in coastal marine waters. Biodegradation 7:239-247.
Hill, D., T. Belbin, M. Thorsteinsson, D. Bassam, S. Brass, A, Ernst, P. Böger, H. Paerl, M. Mulligan and M. Potts. 1996.
GlbN (Cyanoglobin) is a peripheral membrane protein that is restricted to certain Nostoc spp. Journal of Bacteriology 178:6587-6598.
Pinckney, J. L., D. F. Millie, K. E. Howe and J. P. Hurley. 1996.
Flow scintillation counting of 14 C-labeled microalgal photosynthetic pigments. Journal of Plankton Research 18:1867-1880.
Paerl, H. W. 1997.
Coastal eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: Importance of atmospheric deposition and groundwater as "new" nitrogen and other nutrient sources. Limnology and Oceanography 42:1154-1165.
Capone, D.G., J. P. Zehr, H. W. Paerl, B. Bergman and E. J. Carpenter. 1997.
Trichodesmium , a globally-significant marine cyanobacterium. Science 276:1221-1229.
Pinckney, J. L., D. F. Millie, B. T. Vinyard and H. W. Paerl. 1997. Environmental controls of phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, U.S.A. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:2491-2501.
Peierls, B. L. And H. W. Paerl. 1997.
The bioavailability of atmospheric organic nitrogen deposition to coastal phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 42:1819-1823.
Piehler, M. F., J. G. Swistak, J. L. Pinckney and H. W. Paerl. 1997.
Sub-lethal effects of coastal petroleum pollution on Spartina alterniflora stem epiphytes. Chemosphere 35:2665-2674.
Currin, C. A. and H. W. Paerl. 1998.
Environmental and physiological controls on diel patterns of N 2 fixation in epiphytic cyanobacterial communities. Microbial Ecology 35:34-45.
Pinckney, J. L., H. W. Paerl, M. B. Harrington and K. E. Howe. 1998.
Annual cycles of phytoplankton community structure and bloom dynamics in the Neuse River Estuary, NC (USA). Marine Biology 131:371-382.
Currin, C. A. and H. W. Paerl. 1998.
Epiphytic N 2 fixation associated with standing dead shoots of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora . Estuaries 21:108-117.
Piehler, M. F., C. A. Currin, R. Cassanova and H. W. Paerl. 1998.
Development and N 2 fixing activity of the benthic microbial community in transplanted Spartina alterniflora marshes in North Carolina. Restoration Ecology 6:290-296.
Paerl, H. W. 1998.
Structure and function of anthropogenically altered microbial communities in coastal waters. Current Opinion in Microbiology 1:296-302.
Paerl, H. W., J. L. Pinckney, J. M. Fear & B. J. Peierls. 1998.
Ecosystem responses to internal and watershed organic matter loading: consequences for hypoxia in the eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 166:17-25.
Priscu, J.C., C. H. Fritsen, E. E. Adams, S. J. Giovannoni, H. W. Paerl, C. P. McKay, P. T. Doran, B.D. Lanoil and J. L. Pinckney. 1998.
Perennial antractic lake ice: An Oasis for life in a polar desert. Science 280:2095-2098.
Paerl, H. W. and J. C. Priscu. 1998.
Microbial phototrophic, heterotrophic and diazo-trophic activities associated with aggregates in the permanent ice cover of Lake Bonney, Antarctica. Microbial Ecology 36:221-230.
Olson, J. B., T. F. Steppe, R. W. Litaker and H. W. Paerl. 1998.
N 2 fixing microbial consortia associated with the ice cover of Lake Bonney, Antarctica. Microbial Ecology 36:231-238.
Paerl, H. W., J. D. Willey, M. Go, B. L. Peierls, J. L. Pinckney and M. L. Fogel. 1999.
Rainfall stimulation of primary production in Western Atlantic Ocean waters: Roles of different nitrogen sources and co-limiting nutrients. Marine Ecology Progress Series 176:205-214.
Paerl, H. W. and D. R. Whitall. 1999.
Anthropogenically-derived atmospheric nitrogen deposition, marine eutrophication and harmful algal bloom expansion: Is there a link? Ambio 28:307-311.
Wiley, J. D. and H. W. Paerl. 1999.
Impact of rainwater hydrogen peroxide on chlorophyll a content of surface Gulf Stream seawater off North Carolina, USA. Marine Ecology progress Series. 178:145-150.
Paerl, H. W. 1999.
Cultural eutrophication of shallow coastal waters: Coupling changing anthropogenic nutrient inputs to regional management approaches. Limnologica 29:249-254.
Olson J. B., R. W. Litaker and H. W. Paerl. 1999.
Ubiquity of heterotrophic diazotrophs in marine microbial mats. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 19:29-36.
Paerl, H. W., J. L. Pinckney, J. M. Fear and B. L. Peierls. 1999.
Fish kills and bottom-water hypoxia in the Neuse River and Estuary: reply to Burkholder et al. Marine Ecology Progress Series 186:307-309.
Piehler, M.F. et al. 1999.
Stimulation of diesel fuel biodegradtion by indigenous nitrogen fixing bacterial consortia. Microbial Ecology, 65:69-78.
Pinckney, J. L., H. W. Paerl and M. B. Harrington. 1999.
Responses of the phytoplankton community growth rate to nutrient pulses in variable estuarine environments. Journal of Phycology 35:1455-1463.
Paerl, H. W. 1999.
Physical-chemical constraints on cyanobacterial growth in the oceans. Pp. 319-349, In , L. Charpy and A. W. D. Larkum (eds.) Marine Cyanobacteria. Bull. 'd Instit. Oceanographique Monaco. Special Vol. No. 19. Monaco.
Otte, S., J. G. Kuenen, L. P. Nielsen, H. W. Paerl, J. Zopfi, H. N. Schulz, A. Teske, B. Strotmann, V. A. Gallardo and B. B. J r rgensen. 1999.
Nitrogen, carbon and sulphur metabolism in natural Thioploca samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65:3148-3157.
Pinckney, J. L., H. W. Paerl, E. Haugen and P. A. Tester. 2000. Response of phytoplankton and Pfiesteria -like dinoflagellate zoospores to nutrient enrichment in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 192:65-78.
Moisander, P. H. and H. W. Paerl. 2000.
Growth, primary productivity, and nitroegn fixation potential of Nodularia spp. (Cyanophyceae) in water from a subtropical estuary in the United States. Journal of Phycology. 36:645-658.
Kane, A.S. et al. 2000.
Etiologies, Observations and Reporting of Estuarine Finfish lesions. Marine Environmental Research 50: 473-477.
Paerl, H. W. 2000.
Chpt. 5. Marine plankton. pp. 121-148, In M. Potts and B. Whitton (eds.), The biology and ecology of cyanobacteria. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.
Paerl, H. W., J. L. Pinckney and T. F. Steppe. 2000.
Cyanobacterial-bacterial mat consortia: Examining the functional unit of microbial survival and growth in extreme environments. Environmental Microbiology 2(1):11-26.
Reid, R.P., Visscher, P., Decho, A. Stolz, J., Bebout, B., Macintyre, I, Dupraz, C., Pinckney, J., Paerl, H. Prufert-Bebout, L., Steppe, T., DesMarais, D. 2000.
The role of microbes in accretion, lamination and early lithification of modern marine stromatolites. Nature 406:989-992.
Paerl, H. W., Boynton, W. R., Dennis, R. L., Driscoll, C. T., Greening, H. S., Kremer, J. N., Rabalais, N. N., Seitzinger, S. P. 2000).
Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen in Coastal Waters: Biogeochemical and Ecological Implications. Pp. 11-52, In , R. Valigura et al., Nitrogen Deposition in Coastal Waters, Coastal and Estuarine Studies No. 57. American Geophysical Union Press, Washington, DC.
Paerl, H. W., J. D. Bales, L. W. Ausley, C. P. Buzzelli, L. B. Crowder, L. A. Eby, M. Go, B. L. Peierls, T. L. Richardson, and J. S. Ramus. 2000.
Hurricanes' hydrological, ecological effects linger in major US estuary. EOS 81(40):457-462.
Steppe, T.F, H.W. Paerl and R. P. Reid. 2001.
Diazotrophy in modern marine Bahamian stromatolites. Microbial Ecology 41:20-35.
Paerl, H.W., T.F. Steppe, and R.P. Reid. 2001.
Bacterially-mediated precipitation in marine stromatolites. Environmental Microbiology 3:123-130.
Pinckney, J. L., T. L. Richardson, D. F. Millie, H. W. Paerl. 2001.
Application of photopigment biomarkers for quantifying microalgal community composition and in situ growth rates. Organic Geochemistry 32:585-595.
MacGregor, B.J., B. Van Mooy, B.J. Baker, M. Mellon, P.H. Moisander, H.W. Paerl, J. Zehr, D. Hollander and D.A. Stahl. 2001. Microbiological, molecular biological, and stable isotopic evidence for nitrogen fixation in the open waters of Lake Michigan. Environmental Microbiology 3:205-219.
Paerl, H.W., R. S. Fulton, P.H. Moisander and J. Dyble. 2001. Harmful Freshwater Algal Blooms, With an Emphasis on Cyanobacteria . The Scientific World 1:76-113.
Paerl, H.W., J. D. Bales, L.W. Ausley, C.P. Buzzelli, L.B. Crowder, L.A. Eby, J. M. Fear, M. Go, B.L. Peierls, T.L. Richardson and J.S. Ramus. 2001.
Ecosystem impacts of 3 sequential hurricanes (Dennis, Floyd and Irene) on the US's largest lagoonal estuary, Pamlico Sound, NC. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 98(10):5655-5660.
Affortit, J., J.P. Zehr and H.W. Paerl. 2001.
Distribution of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms along the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. Microbial Ecology 41:114-123.
Whitall, D.R. and H.W. Paerl. 2001.
Spatiotemporal variability of wet atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. Journal of Environmental Quality 30: 1508-1515.
Pinckney, J. L., H. W. Paerl, P. Tester and T. L. Richardson. 2001.
The role of nutrient loading and eutrophication in estuarine ecology. Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (Suppl. 5): 699-706.
Buzzelli, C.P., S. P. Powers, R. A. Luettich Jr., J. E McNinch, H.W. Paerl, C.H. Petereson and J.L. Pinckney. 2001.
Estimating the spatial extent of bottom water hypoxia and benthic fishery habitat degradation in the Neuse River Estuary, NC. Marine Ecology Progress Series 230: 103-112.
Paerl, H.W. and J. Kuparinen. 2002.
Microbial aggregates and consortia. In: G. Bitton (Ed). Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 1, p. 160-181. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, NY.
Moisander, P. H., J. L. Hench, K. Kononen and H. W. Paerl. 2002.
Small-scale shear effects on heterocystous cyanobacteria. Limnology and Oceanography 47 (1):108-119.
Steppe, T. F. and H. W. Paerl. 2002.
Potential N 2 fixation by sulfate-reducing bacteria in a marine intertidal microbial mat. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 28:1-12.
Dyble, J., H. W. Paerl and B. A. Neilan. 2002.
Genetic characterization of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria) isolates from diverse geographic origins based on nif H and cpc BA-IGS nucleotide sequence analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2567-2571.
Piehler, M. F., S. P. Thompson, J. Dyble, P. H. Moisander, J. M. Fear and H. W. Paerl. 2002.
Biologically mediated nitrogen dynamics in eutrophying estuaries. Assessing denitrification, N2 fixation and primary productivity responses to proposed N loading reductions in the Neuse River Estuary. Univ. of North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute Report No. 339. 53 pp.
Piehler, M. F., J. Dyble, P. H. Moisander, J. L. Pinckney and H. W. Paerl. 2002.
Effects of modified nutrient concentrations and ratios on the structure and function of native phytoplankton community in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Aquatic Ecology 36: 371-385.
Piehler, M. F., J. S. Maloney and H. W. Paerl. 2002.
Bacterioplanktonic abundance, productivity and petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation in marinas and other coastal waters in North Carolina, USA. Marine Environmental Research 54: 157- 168.
Paerl, H.W., Dyble, J., Twomey, L., Pinckney, J.L., Nelson, J., Kerkhof, L. 2002.
Characterizing man-made and natural modifications of microbial diversity and activity in coastal ecosystems. Antoie van Leeuwenhoek 81: 487-507.
Moisander, P. H., McClinton, E. and Paerl H. W. 2002.
Salinity effects on growth, photosynthetic parameters, and nitrogenase activity in estuarine planktonic cyanobacteria. Microbial Ecology 43: 432-442.
Karl, D., Michaels, A., Bergman, B., Capone, D., Carpenter, E., Letelier, R., Lipschultz, F., Paerl, H., Sigman, D., Stal, L. 2002.
Dinitrogen fixation in the world's oceans. Biogeochemistry 57/58: 47-98.
Paerl, H. 2002.
Connecting atmospheric nitrogen deposition to coastal eutrophication. Environmental Science & Technology August 1, 2002: 323-326.
Bergmann, T., Richardson, T.L., Paerl, H.W., Pinckney, J.L., Schofield, O. 2002.
Synergy of light and nutrients on the photosynthetic efficiency of phytoplankton populations from the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. Journal of Plankton Research 24: 923-933.
Paerl, H., Dennis, R., Whitall, D., 2002.
Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen: Implications for nutrient over-enrichment of coastal waters. Estuaries 25, 677-692.
Paerl, H., et al., 2003.
Phytoplankton photopigments as indicators of Estarine and Coastal Eutrophication. Bioscience 53: 1-12.
Buzzelli, C., Ramus, J., Paerl, H., 2003.
Ferry-based monitoring of surface water quality in North Carolina Estaries. Estuaries, 26, 975-984.
Paerl, H., Steppe, T., 2003.
Scaling up: the next challenge in microbiology. Environmental Microbiology, 11: 1025-1038.
Moinsander, P., Steppe, T., Hall, N., Kuparinen, J., Paerl, H., 2003.
Variability in Nitrogen and Phosphorous limitation in the Baltic Sea during N2 - fixing cyanobacterial blooms. Marine Ecology Progressive Series, 262: 81-95.
Poe, A, Piehler, M., Thompson, S., and Paerl H., 2003.
Denitrification in a constructed wetland receiving agricultural runoff. Welands, 23, 817-826.
Whithall, D., Hendrickson, B., Paerl, H., 2003.
Importance of atmospherically deposited nitrogen to the annual nitrogen budget of the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. Environment International, 29, 393-399.
Peierls, B., Christian, R., Paerl, H., 2003.
Water Quality and phytoplankton as indicators of hurricane impacts on a large estuarine ecosystem. Estuaries, 26, 1329-1343.
Paerl, H.W., Steppe, T.F., Buchan, K.C., Potts, M. 2003.
Hypersaline cyanobacterial mats as indicators of elevated tropical hurricane activity and associated climate change. AMBIO, 32 (2), 87-90.
Paerl, H. W. et al., 2003.
Microbial indicators of aquatic ecosystem change: current applications to eutrophication studies. FEMS 46, 233-246.
Moisander, P.H. et. al., 2003.
Variability in nitrogen and phosphorous limitation for Baltic Sea phytoplankton during nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial blooms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 262, 81-95.
Walker, J.T., Whitall, D.R., Robarge, W., Paerl, H.W., 2004.
Ambient ammonia and ammonium aerosol across a region of variable ammonia emission density. Atmospheric Environment 38, 1235-1246.
Paerl, H., Valdes, L., Joyner, A., Piehler, M., and Lebo, M. 2004.
Solving Problems resulting from solutions: Evolution of a dual nutrient management strategy for the eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, NC. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 3068-3073.
Swackhamer, D., et al. 2004.
Impacts of Atmospheric Pollutants on Aquatic Ecosystems. Issues in Ecology, 12, 1-24.
Fear, J., Gallo, T., Hall, N., Loftin, J., Paerl, H., 2004.
Predicting Benthic Microalgal oxygen and nutrient flux responses to a nutrient reduction management strategy for the eutrophic Neuse River Estuary, NC, USA. Esutarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61, 491-506.
Piehler, M, Twomey, L., Hall, N., Paerl, H. 2004.
Impacts of inorganic nutrient enrichment on phytoplankton community structure and function Pamlico Sound NC, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61, 197-209.
Twomey, L.J., Piehler, M.F., Paerl, H.W., 2005.
Phytoplankton uptake of ammonium, nitrate, and urea in the Neuse River Estuary, NC, USA. Hydrobiologia 533, 123-134.
Paerl, H., 2005.
Nutrient and other environmental controls of harmful cyanobacterial blooms along the freshwater-marine continuum. Manuscript prepared for the EPA ISOC CyanoHab meeting held in Raleigh, NC.
Paerl, H.W., Valdes, L.M., Piehler, M.F., Stow, C.A., 2006.
Assessing the effects of nutrient management in an estuary experiencing climatic change: The Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. Environmental Management Vol. 37, No. 3, 422-436.
Paerl, H.W., Valdes, L.M., Joyner, A.R., Peierls, B.L., Piehler, M.F., Riggs, S.R., Christian, R.R., Eby, L.A., Crowder, L.B., Ramus, J.S, Clesceri, E.J., Buzzelli, C.P., Luettich, R.A., 2006.
Ecological response to hurricane events in he Pamlico Sound system, North Carolina, and implications for assessment and management in a regime of increased frequency. Estuaries and Coasts Vol. 29, No. 6A, 1033-1045.
Paerl, H.W., Valdes, L.M., Peierls, B.L., Adolf, J.E., Harding, L.W., 2006.
Anthropogenic and climatic influences on the eutrophication of large estuarine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography Vol. 51, 448-462.
Ensign, S.H., Paerl, H.W., 2006.
Development of an unattended estuarine nutrient monitoring program using ferries as data-collection platforms. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 4, 399-405.
Yanarell, A.C., T.F.Steppe and H.W. Paerl. 2006. Disturbance and recovery of microbial community structure and function following Hurricane Frances . Environmental Microbiology 9 : 576–583
Arhonditsis, G.B., Paerl, H.W., Valdes-Weaver, L.M., Stow, C.A., Steinberg, L.J., Reckhow, K.H., 2007.
Application of Bayesian equation modeling for examining phytoplankton dynamics in the Neuse River Estuary (North Carolina, USA). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 72, 63-80.
Fries, J.S., R.T. Noble, H.W. Paerl and G.W. Characklis. 2007. Particle suspensions and their regions of influence in the Neuse River Estuary: Implications for water quality monitoring. Estuaries and Coasts 30:359-364.
Paerl, H.W., L.M. Valdes, A.R. Joyner, and V. Winkelmann. 2007. Phytoplankton Indicators of Ecological Change in the Nutrient and Climatically-Impacted Neuse River-Pamlico Sound System, North Carolina . Ecological Applications 17(5): 88-101.
Kennish, M.J. , S.B. Bricker, W.C. Dennison, P.M. Glibert, R.J. Livingston, K.A. Moore, R.T. Noble, H.W. Paerl, J.M. Ramstack, S.Seitzinger, D.A. Tomasko, and I. Valiela 2007. Barnagat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary: A case study of a highly eutrophic coastal bay system. Ecological Applications 17(5):3-16.
Lin, J., Xie, L., L.J. Pietrafesa, J.S. Ramus and H.W. Paerl. 2007. Water quality gradients across the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine system: Seasonal variations and model applications. Journal of Coastal Research 23:213-229.
Hameedi, J., H. Paerl, M. Kennish, and D. Whitall. 2007. Nitrogen deposition in U.S. coastal bays and estuaries. EM: The Magazine for Environmental Managers, December 2007:19-25
Simpson, T.W., A.N. Sharpley, R.W. Howarth, H.W. Paerl, and K.R. Mankin. 2008. The New Gold Rush: Fueling Ethanol Production While Protecting Water Quality. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 37, March-April 2008:318-324.
Paerl, H.W., J. Huisman. 2008. Blooms like it hot. Science, Vol. 320, April 4, 2008:57-58.
Joyner, J. J., R. W. Litaker, and H. W. Paerl. 2008. Morphological and genetic evidence that the cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) Speziale and Dyck encompasses at least two species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74(12): 3710-3717.
