Political Science 276

Seminar in Subnational Politics and Policy

Fall Semester 2001

Dr. Gray

 

Description:  This course will primarily focus upon the compara­tive study of state politics:  i.e., using the comparative method to analyze political behavior, institutions, and public policy across states.  Some attention will also be paid to intergovernmental relations.

 

Texts: 

 

Requirements:  On Sept xx a short paper (3-5 pages, typewritten) and oral report is due in class.  Each student will select a book from the classic regional studies or the single state studies and report on that book. 

 

The second assignment allows you to specialize according to your interests.  Each week one student will do some additional reading from of the recommended reading and report to the class orally.

 

The third assignment is a limited research project modelled on the replication notes published in AJPS and other journals, approximately a ten page paper extending, updating, replicating an empirical research piece already published.  This paper is due Dec. xx accompanied by an oral report in class.

 

There will be an open book exam (4-8 hours) during finals weeks. Performance on the papers, oral reports, class participation, and the final exam will be considered in arriving at the course grade, with the final and the research paper being weighted more heavily.

 

Week 1    Introduction to the Field

 

          Recommended:  Brace and Jewett, "Field Essay:  The State of State Politics Research," Political Research Quarterly, 48 (Sept., 1995):  643-682; Jewell, "The Neglected World of State Politics," JOP, 44 (August, 1982):  638-657; Gray, Hanson, and Jacob, Politics in the Ameri­can States, 7th ed. (1999); Van Horn, The State of the States, 3rd ed. (1996); Weber and Brace, eds., Ameri­can State and Local Politics (1999).

 

Week 2      Regionalism, Political Culture, and Social Capital

 

          Read:  *Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation, ch. 14; *Elazar, American Federalism:  A View from the States, 3rd edition, ch. 5; Putnam, Bowling Alone (2000), chs. 16-22; *Hans­on, "The Political Acculturation of Mi­grants in the American States," Western Political Quarterly, 45 (June 1992):  355-384;

 

          Recommended:  Classic Regional Studies--Lockard, New England State Politics; Fenton, Midwest Politics; Matthews and Prothro, Negroes and the New Southern Politics; Fenton, Politics in the Border States.

 

          Recent Regional or State Studies:  Black and Black, Politics and Society in the South (1987); Peirce and Hagstrom, The Book of America (1984); Hagstrom, Beyond Reagan (1988); Nardulli (ed.), Diver­sity, Conflict, and State Politics:  Region­alism in Illinois (1989);  Thomas (ed), Politics and Public Policy in the Contemporary American West (1992); Thomas and Stewart, Alabama Government and Politics (1988); Blair, Arkansas Politics and Government (1988); Palmer, Taylor, and LiBrizzi, Maine Politics and Government (1992); Krane and Shaffer, Missis­sippi Government and Politics (1992); Morgan, England, and Humphreys, Oklahoma Politics and Policies (1991); Fleer, North Carolina Government and Politics (1994); Miller, Kentucky Poli­tics and Government (1994); McBeath and Morehouse, Alaska Poli­tics and Government (1994); Salmore and Salmore, New Jersey Politics and Government (1993); Cronin and Loevy, Colorado Politics and Government (1993); Graham and Moore, South Carolina Politics and Government (1994); Browne and VerBurg, Michigan Politics and Government (1995); Gove and Nowlan, Illinois Poli­tics and Government (1996); Driggs and Goodall, Nevada Politics and Government (1996); Liebschutz, New York Politics and Govern­ment (1998); Elazar, Gray, and Spano, Minnesota Politics and Government (1999).

 

          Political Culture:  Johnson, "Political Culture in American States:  Elazar's Formulation Examined," AJPS, 20 (Aug. 1976):  491-510; Hanson, "Political Culture, Interparty Competi­tion, and Political Efficacy," Publius, 10 (Spring, 1980):  17-36 and rest of special issue; Patterson, "The Political Cultures of the American States," JOP, (Feb., 1968): 187-209; Sharkansky, "The Utility of Elazar's Political Cultures," Polity, 2 (Fall, 1969):  703-721; Fitzpatrick and Hero, "Political Culture and Political Characteristics of the American States:  A Consider­ation of Some Old and New Questions," WPQ, 41 (March, 1988):  145-153; Lowery and Sigelman, "Political Culture and State Public Policy:  The Missing Link," WPQ; Nardulli, "Political Subcultures in the American States," APQ, 18 (July 1990):  287-315; Morgan and Wilson, "Diversity in the American States:  Updating the Sullivan Index," Publius, 20 (Winter 1990):  71-81; Meier and Holbrook, "'I Seen My Opportunities and I Took 'Em:' Political Corruption in the American States," JOP, 54 (Feb., 1992):  135-155; *Erikson, McIver, and Wright, "State Political Culture and Public Opinion", APSR, 81 (Sept., 1987):  797-814; Cook, Jelen,  and Wilcox, "State Political Cultures and Public Opinion About Abortion," PRQ, 46 (Dec., 1993):  771-782; Sharkansky, Regional­ism in American Politics (1970); Lieske, "Regional Subcultures of the United States," JOP, 55 (Nov., 1993):  888-913; Hero, Faces of Inequality (1998).

 

Week 3  Migration, Ethnicity, and Other Explanations

 

     Read:  *Hero and Tolbert, "A Racial/Ethnic Diversity Inter­pre­tation of Politics and Policy in the States of the U.S., AJPS, 40 (August, 1996):  851-871; Gimpel, Separate Destinations (1999), chs. 1, 9

 

Week 4   Political Parties

 

          Read:  *Hill and Leighley, "The Policy Consequences of Class Bias in State Elec­torates," AJPS, 36 (May 1992):  351-366;  *Paddock, "Explain­ing State Variation in Interparty Ideological Differenc­es," PRQ, 51 (Sept., 1998):  765-780; *Brown, Jackson, & Wright, "Registration, Turnout, & State Party Systems," PRQ, 52 (Sept., 1999):  463-480

 

          Recommended:  General:  Jewell and Olson, Political Parties and Elections in American States, 3rd ed.; Green & Shea, eds., The State of the Parties (1999).

 

          Registration & Turnout--Kim, Petrocik, Enokson, "Voter Turnout Among the Ameri­can States:  Systemic and Individual Components," APSR, 69 (March 1975):  107-131; Luttbeg, "Attitudi­nal Components of Turnout Decline:  Where Have Some States' Voters Gone?", SSQ, 66 (2, 1985):  434-443; Sigelman, Roeder, Jewell, and Baer, "Voting and Nonvoting:  A Multi-Election Perspective," AJPS, 29 (November 1985):  749-765; Caldeira and Patterson, "Contextual Influences on Participation in U.S. State Legislative Elections," LSQ, 7 (August 1982):  359-381; Patterson and Caldeira, "Getting Out the Vote:  Participation in Gubernato­rial Elections," APSR, 77 (September 1983):  675-689; Tucker, "Contextual Models of Partic­ipation in U.S. State Legislative Elections," WPQ, 39 (March 1986):  67-78; Gray, "A Note on Turnout in the American States," JOP, 38 (Feb., 1976):  153-158; Austin, Clubb, Flanigan, Granda, and Zingale, "Electoral Partici­pation in the United States, 1968-86," LSQ, XVI (Feb., 1991):  145-164; Bauer, "Patterns of Voter Participation in the American States," SSQ, 71 (Dec., 1990):  824-834; Nagler, "The Effect of Registration Laws and Education on U.S. Voter Turnout," APSR, 85 (Dec., 1991):  1393-1406; Leighley and Nagler, "Individual and Systemic Influences on Turnout:  Who Votes?  1984," JOP, 54 (Aug., 1992):  718-740; Hill and Leighley, "Mobilizing Institu­tions and Class Representation in U.S. State Electorates," PRQ, 47 (March, 1994):  137-150; Hill, Democracy in the Fifty States (1994); ; Nagel and McNulty, "Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial and Gubernatori­al Elec­tions," APSR, 90 (Dec., 1996):  780-793; Knack, "Does 'Motor Voter' Work:  Evidence from State-Level Data," JOP, 57 (Aug, 1995):  796-811; Hill and Leighley, "Political Parties and Class Mobilization in Contempo­rary United States Elections," AJPS, 40 (Aug, 1996):  787-804; Hill and Leighley, "Party Ideolo­gy, Organi­za­tion, and Competi­tiveness as Mobilizing Forces in Guber­natorial Elections," AJPS, 37 (Nov. 1993):  1158-1178; *Hill, Leighley, & Hinton-Andersson, "Lower-Class Mobiliza­tion and Policy Linkage in the U.S. States," AJPS, 39 (Feb, 1995):  75-86; correction by Ringquist, Hill, Leighley, & Hinton-Anderss­on, AJPS, 41 (Jan. 1997):  339-344; Burden & Greene, "Party Attachments & State Election Laws," PRQ, 53 (March 2000):  63-76; Jackson, "The Mobilization of U.S. State Electorates in the 1988 and 1990 Elections," JOP, 59 (May 1997):  520-537;

 

          Party Organization:  Gibson, Cotter, Bibby, "Assessing Party Organizational Strength," AJPS, 28 (May 1983):  193-222; Huckshorn, Gibson, Cotter, Bibby, "Party Integration and Party Organizational Strength," JOP, 48 (1986):  976-991; Gibson, Frendreis, Vertz, "Party Dynamics in the 1980s:  Change in County Party Organizational Strength, 1980-1984," AJPS, 33 (Feb., 1989):  67-90; Cotter, Gibson, Bibby, & Huckshorn, Party Organizations in American Politics (1984); ACIR, The Transformation in American Federalism (1986); Dwyre and Stonecash, "Where's The Party?," APQ, 20 (July 1992):  326-344; Aldrich, "Southern Parties in State & Nation," JOP, 62 (Aug., 2000):  643-670

 

          Party Ideology etc:  Paddock, "Beyond the New Deal:  Ideological Differences Between Eleven State Democratic Parties, 1956-1980," WPQ, 43 (#1, 1990):  181-190; Paddock, "Inter-Party Ideological Differences in Eleven State Parties:  1956-1980," WPQ, 45 (Sept., 1992):  751-760; Beck, Baum, Clausen, and Smith, "Patterns and Sources of Ticket Splitting in Subpresidential Voting," APSR, 86 (Dec., 1992):  916-928; Norrander, "Explaining Cross-State Variation in Independent Identification," AJPS, 33 (May, 1989):  516-536; Brown and Wright, "Elections and State Party Polarization," APQ, 20 (Oct., 1992):  411-426; Moakley (ed.), Party Realignment and State Politics (1992).

 

          Campaign Finance:  Jones and Borris, "Strategic Con­tributing in Legislative Campaigns:  The Case of Minnesota, "LSQ, 10 (Feb., 1985):  89-105; Huckshorn, "Who Gave It?  Who Got It?:  The Enforcement of Campaign Finance Laws in the States," JOP, 47 (3, 1985):  773-789; Jones, "Financing State Elections, in Michael J. Malbin (ed.), Money and Politics in the United States (Chatham House, 1984):  172-213; Jones and Hopkins, "State Campaign Fund Raising:  Targets and Response," JOP, 47 (May 1985):  427-449; Jones, "State Public Campaign Finance:  Implica­tions for Partisan Politics," AJPS, 25 (May 1981):  342-361; Thompson, Cassie, and Jewell, "A Sacred Cow or Just a Lot of Bull?  Party and PAC Money in State Legislative Elections," PRQ, March, 1994):  223-238; Thompson and Moncrief, Campaign Finance in State Legislative Elections (1998); Malbin and Gais, The Deay After Reform:  Sobering Campaign Finance Lessons from the Ameri­can States (1998).

 

          Interparty Competition:  Tucker, "Interparty Competi­tion in the American States," APQ, 10 (Jan., 1982):  93-116; Ray and Havick, "A Longitudinal Analysis of Party Competition in State Legislative Elections," AJPS, 25 (Feb., 1981):  119-128; Feigert, "Postwar Changes in State Party Competition," Publius, 15 (Winter 1985):  99-112; Grau, "Competition in State Legisla­tive Primaries," LSQ, 6 (Feb., 1981):  35-54; Barrilleaux, "A Dynamic Model of Partisan Competition in the American States," AJPS, 30 (Nov., 1986):  822-840; Key, American State Politics (1967); King, "Interparty Competition in the American States:  An Examination of Index Components," WPQ, 42 (#3, 1989):  83-92; Holbrook and van Dunk, "Electoral Competition in the American States," APSR, 87 (Dec., 1993):  955-962; Aistrup, "State Legis­lative Party Competition:  A County Level Measure," PRQ, 46 (June, 1993):  433-446; Patterson and Caldeira, "The Etiology of Partisan Competition," APSR, 78 (Sept., 1984):  691-707

 

Week 5    Interest Groups and Lobbying

 

     Read:  *Nownes and Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States," JOP, 60 (Feb., 1998):  86-112; *Lowery and Gray, "The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States," AJPS, 39 (Feb. 1995):  1-29; *Lowery and Gray, "The Demography of Interest Organization Communities:  Institu­tions, Associations, and Membership Groups," APQ, 23 (Jan., 1995):  3-32

 

     Recommended: Lobbying:  Hrebenar & Thomas, Inter­est Group Politics in the American West (1987); Browne, "Varia­tions in the Behavior and Style of State Lobbyists and Interest Groups," JOP, 47 (May 1985):  450-468; Zeigler and Baer, Lobbying:  Interaction and Influence in American State Legislatures (1969); Froman, "Some Effects of Interest Group Strength in State Politics," APSR 60 (Dec., 1966):  952-962; Hrebenar and Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Southern States (1992); Rosenthal, The Third House:  Lobbyists and Lobbying in the States (1992); Wiggins, Hamm, and Bell, "Interest Group and Party Influence Agents in the Legisla­tive Process:  A Comparative State Analysis," JOP, 54 (Feb., 1992):  82-100; Hrebenar and Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States (1993); Hrebenar and Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Midwestern States (1993); Nownes & Freeman, "Female Lobbyists:  Women in the World of 'Good Ol' Boys'" JOP, 60 (Nov., 1998):  1181-1201

 

          Interest Group Systems:  Morehouse, State Politics, Parties, and Policy (1981); Hunter, Wilson, and Brunk, "Societal Complexity, and Interest-Group Lobbying in the American States," JOP, 53 (May, 1991):  488-503; Lowery and Gray, "The Density of State Interest Group Systems," JOP, 55 (Feb., 1993):  191-206; Gray and Lowery, "Interest Group System Density and Diversity:  A Research Update," International Political Science Review, 15 (Jan., 1994):  5-14; Gray and Lowery, "Stability and Change in State Interest Group Systems:  1975-1990," State and Local Government Review, 25, (Spring, 1993):  87-96; Gray and Lowery, "The Diversity of State Interest Group Systems, " Political Research Quarterly, 46, (March 1993):  81-97; Gray and Lowery, "Reflec­tions on the Study of Interest Groups in the States," in Crotty, Schwartz, and Green (eds.), Interest Representation and Interest Groups, (1993):  57-66; Lowery and Gray, "The National­ization of State Interest Group System Density and Diversity," SSQ, 75 (June, 1994):  368-377; Lowery and Gray, "How Some Rules Just Don't Matter:  The Regulation of Lobbyists," Public Choice, 91 (April 1997):  139-147; ; Gray and Lowery, "A Niche Theory of Interest Representation," JOP, 58 (Feb., 1996):  91-111; Gray and Lowery, "Life in a Niche:  Mortality Anxiety Among Organized Interests in the American States," PRQ, 50 (March 1997):  25-47; Gray and Lowery, "Environmental Limits on the Diversity of State Interest Organization Systems:  A Population Ecology Interpreta­tion," PRQ, 49 (March 1996):  103-118; Gray and Lowery, The Population Ecology of Interest Representation:  Lobbying Communi­ties in the American States (1996); Lowery and Gray, "The Domi­nance of Institutions in Interest Representation:  A Test of Seven Expla­nations," AJPS, 42 (Jan. 1998):  231-255; Gray and Lowery, "The Density of State Interest-Communities:  Do Regional Variables Matter?" Publius, 28 (Spring 1998):  61-79; Lowery & Gray, "Representational Concentration and Interest Community Size:  A Population Ecology Interpretation," PRQ, 51 (Dec., 1998):  919-944; Brasher, Lowery & Gray, "State Lobby Registra­tion Data:  The Anomalous Case of Florida (and Minnesota too!)," LSQ, XXIV (May 1999):  303-314

 

Week 6  Governors

 

          Read:  *Chubb, "Institutions, The Economy, and the Dynamics of State Elections," APSR, 82 (March 1988):  133-154;   *Niemi, Stanley, & Vogel, "State Economies and State Taxes:  Do Voters Hold Gover­nors Accountable?," AJPS, 39 (Nov., 1995):  936-957; *Hansen, "'Life is Not Fair':  Governors' Job Performance Ratings and State Economies," PRQ, 52 (March 1999):  167-188.

 

          Recommended:  Gubernatorial Careers: Sabato, Goodbye to Good-time Charlie, 2nd ed. (1983); Codispoti, "The Governorship-Senate Connection:  A Step in the Structure of Opportunities Grows Weaker," Publius, 17 (Spring 1987):  41-52; Schlesinger, Political Parties and the Winning of Office (1991); Schlesinger, Ambition and Politics (1966), chs. 1-3.

 

          Elections--Tidmarch, Hyman, Sorkin, "Press Issue Agendas in the 1982 Congressional and Gubernatorial Election Campaigns," JOP, 46 (Nov. 1984):  1226-1242; Cohen, "Gubernatori­al Popularity in Nine States," APQ, 11 (April 1983):  219-235; NcNitt and Seroka, "Intraparty Challenges of Incumbent Governors and Senators:  1956-1976," APQ, 9 (July 1981):  321-340; Tompki­ns, "The Electoral Fortunes of Gubernatorial Incemben­ts:  1947-1981," JOP, 46 (May 1984):  520-543; Patterson, "Cam­paign Spend­ing in Contests for Governor," WPQ, 35 (Dec. 1982):  457-477; Holbrook-Provow, "National Factors in Gubernatorial Elections," APQ, 15 (Oct. 1987):  471-483; Tompkins, "Have Gubernatorial Elections Become More Distinctive Contests?" JOP, 50 (1988):  192-205; Beyle (ed.), Re-Electing the Governor (1986); Beyle (ed.), Gubernatorial Transitions:  The 1982 Elec­tion (1985); Simon, "Presidents, Governors, and Electoral Ac­countability," JOP, 51 (May, 1989):  286-304; Lammers & Klingman, "Durable Governors and Political Leaders:  Should We Limit Ten­ure?" Publi­us, 16 (Spring, 1986):  53-72; Howell & Vanderleeuw, "Economic Effects on State Governors," APQ, 18 (April 1990):  158-168; Stein, "Economic Voting for Governor and U.S. Senator:  The Electoral Consequences of Federalism," JOP 52 (Feb., 1990):  29-53; Morehouse, "Money versus Party Effort:  Nominating for Governor," AJPS, 34 (Aug., 1990):  706-724; Greene, "An Economic Investigation of Interstate Variation in Legislative Turnover," Public Finance Quarterly, 21 (Jan., 1993):  84-99; Berry and Canon, "Explaining the Competitiveness of Gubernatorial Prima­ries," JOP, 55 (May 1993):  454-471; Cook, Jelen, and Wilcox, "Issue Voting in Gubernatorial Elections:  Abortion and Post-Webster Politics," JOP, 56 (Feb., 1994):  187-200; Simon, Ostrom, and Marra, "The President, Referendum Voting, and Subnat­ional Elections in the United States," APSR, 85 (Dec., 1991):  1177-1192; Partin, "Economic Conditions and Gubernatorial Elections," APQ, 23 (Jan., 1995):  81-95; Kone and Winters, "Taxes and Voting:  Electoral Retribution in the American States," JOP, 55 (Feb., 1993):  22-40; Leyden & Borrelli, "The Effect of State Economic Conditions on Gubernatorial Elections:  Does Unified Government Make a Difference?," PRQ, 48 (June 1995):  275-290; Svoboda, "Retrospective Voting in Gubernatorial Elections:  1982 and 1986," PRQ, 48 (March 1995):  135-150; Carsey and Wright, "State and National Factors in Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections," AJPS, 42 (July 1998):  1008-1011; Squire and Fastnow, "Comparing Gubernational and Senatorial Elections," PRQ, 47 (Sept., 1994):  705-720;

 

          Gubernatorial Power:  Hebert, Brudney, and Wright, "Gubernatorial Influence and State Bureaucracy," APQ, 11 (April 1983):  243-264; Dometrius, "Measuring Gubernatorial Power," JOP, 41 (May 1979):  589-610; Dye, "Executive Power and Public Policy in the States," World Politics Quarterly, 22 (Dec. 1969):  926-939; Sigelman & Dometrius, "Governors and Chief Administrators," APQ, 16 (April, 1988):  157-170; Mueller, "Explaining Variation and Change in Gubernatorial Powers, 1960-1982," WPQ, 38 (Sept., 1985):  424-431.

 

          Management:  Beyle and Muchmore, Being Governor:  The View from the Office (1983); Abney and Lauth, The Politics of State & City Administration (1986); Gosling, "Patterns of Stabil­ity and Change in Gubernatorial Policy Agendas," State and Local Government Review, 23 (Winter, 1991):  3-12; Beyle, Governors and Hard Times (1992).

 

Week 7  Legislatures

 

          Read:  *Fiorina, "Divided Government in the American States:  A Byproduct of Legislative Professionalism?," APSR, 88 (June 1994):  304-316; *Stonecash and Agathangelou, "Trends in the Partisan Composition of State Legislatures:  A Response to Fiorina," APSR, 91 (March 1997):  148-162; *Squire, "The Theory of Legislative Insti­tu­tional­ization and the Califor­nia Assembly," JOP, 54 (Nov. 1992):  1026-1054;

 

          Recommended:  Elections--Caldeira and Patterson, "Bringing Home the Votes:  Electoral Outcomes in State Legisla­tive Races," Political Behavior, 4 (1, 1982):  33-67; Francis and Baker, "Why Do U.S. State Legislators Vacate Their Seats? LSQ, 11 (Feb. 1986):  119-126; Crawley, "Electoral Competition, 1958-1984:  Impact on State Legislative Turnover in the Indiana House," APQ, 14 (Jan-April, 1986):  105-127; Jewell & Breaux, "The Effect of Incumbency on State Legislative Elections," LSQ, 13 (Nov., 1988):  495-514; Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," LSQ, 13 (Feb., 1988):  65-82; Tucker & Weber, "State Legislative Election Outcomes:  Contextual Effects and Legislative Performance Effects," LSQ, 12 (Nov., 1987):  537-553; Weber, Tucker, and Brace, "Vanishing Marginals in State Legislative Elections," LSQ (Feb., 1991):  29-47; Garand, "Electoral Marginality in State Legislative Elec­tions, 1968-86," LSQ, XVI (Feb., 1991):  7-27; Breaux, "Specify­ing the Impact of Incumbency on State Legislative Elections:  A District-Level Analysis," APQ, 18 (July 1990):  270-286; Jewell and Breaux, "Southern Primary and Electoral Competition and Incumbent Success," LSQ, XVI (Feb., 1991):  129-143; Moncrief, "The Increase in Campaign Exp[enditures in State Legislative Elections, WPQ, 45 (June 1992):  549-558; Gelman and King," Enhancing Democracy Through Legislative Redistricting," APSR, 88 (Sept., 1994):  541-559; Cox and Morgen­stern, "The Increasing Advantage of Incumbency in the U.S. States," LSQ, XVIII (Nov., 1993):  495-514; Gierzynski and Breaux, "Money and the Party Vote in State House Elections," LSQ, LVIII (Nov., 1993):  515-533; Ma­lbin and Benjamin, "Legisla­tures After Term Limits," in Benjamin and Malbin (eds.), Limiting Legislative Terms (1992):  209-222; Van Dunk, "Challenger Quality in State Legislature Elections," PRQ, 50 (Dec., 1997):  793-808; Little, "On the Coattails of a Contract:  RNC Activities and Republican Gains in the 1994 State Legislative Elections," PRQ, 51 (March 1998):  173-190; Carey, Niemi & Powell, "Incumbency and the Probability of Reelection in State Legislative Elections," JOP, 62 (Aug., 2000):  671-700

 

     Case Studies:  Muir, Legislature:  California's School for Politics (1982); Jewell & Miller, The Kentucky Legisla­ture:  Two Decades of Change (1988); Hanson et al., Tribune of the People (1989); Loomis, Time, Politics, & Policies (Kansas) (1994); Loftus, The Art of Legislative Politics (Wisconsin) (1994).

 

          Decisionmaking:  Francis, Legislative Issues in the Fifty States (1967); Carmines, "The Mediating Influence of State Legislatures on the Linkage Between Interparty Competition and Welfare Policies," APSR, 68 (Sept. 1974):  1118-1124; Thompson, "Bringing Home the Bacon:  The Politics of Pork Barrel in the North Carolina Legislature," LSQ, 11 (Feb. 1986):  91-108; Entman, "The Impact of Ideology on Legislative Behavior and Public Policy in the States," JOP, 45 (1, 1983):  163-182; Francis and Weber, "Legislative Issues in the 50 States:  Manag­ing Complexity Through Classification," LSQ, 3 (Aug., 1980):  407-421; Browne, "Some Social & Political Conditions of Issue Credibility:  Legislative Agendas in the American States," Polity, 20 (Winter 1987):  296-315; Hamm, "The Role of 'Subgover­nments' in U.S. State Policy Making:  An Exploratory Analysis," LSQ, XI (Aug., 1986):  321-351; Mooney, "Putting It on Paper," APQ, 20 (July 1992):  345-365; Dow and Endersby, "Campaign Contributions and Legislative Voting in the California Assembly," APQ, 22 (July 1994):  334-353; Arnold, Deen & Patterson, "Friend­ship & Votes:  The Impact of Interpersonal Ties on Legislative Decision Making, State/Local Govt Review, 32 (Spring 2000):  142-147.

 

          Committees and Leadership:  Francis, "Legislative Committee Systems, Optimal Committee Size, and The Costs of Decision Making," JOP, 44 (1982):  822-837; Francis, "Leadership, Party Caucuses, and Committees in U.S. State Legislatures," LSQ, 10 (May 1985):  243-257; Francis and Riddlesperger, "U.S. State Legislative Commit­tees:  Structure, Procedural Efficiency, and Party Control," LSQ, 7 (Nov. 1982):  453-471; Ray, "Assessing the Performance of State Legislative Committees:  A Case Study and A Proposed Research Agenda," WPQ, 39 (March 1986):  126-137; Francis, The Legislative Committee Game (1989); Hamm and Hedlund, "Accounting for Change in the Number of State Legislative Commit­tee Posi­tions," LSQ, XV (May 1990):  201-226; Holbrook and Tidmarch, "The Effects of Leadership Positions on Votes for Incembents in State Legislative Elections," PRQ, 46 (Dec., 1993):  897-910; Freeman and Hedlund, "The Functions of Committee Change in State Legislatures," PRQ, 46 (Dec., 1993):  911-930; Overby & Kazee, "Outlying Committees in the Statehouse:  An Examination of the Prevalence of Committee Outliers in State Legislatures," JOP, 62 (Aug., 2000):  701-728

 

          Oversight:  Rosenthal, "Legislative Behavior and Legislative Oversight," LSQ, 6 (Feb. 1981):  115-131; Hamm and Robertson, "Factors Influencing the Adoption of New Methods of Legislative Oversight in the U.S. States," LSQ, 6 (Feb. 1981):  133-150; Lyons and Thomas, "Oversight in State Legislatures," APQ, 10 (Jan 1982):  117-133; Elling, "The Utility of State Legislative Casework as a Means of Oversight," LSQ, 4 (August 1979):  353-379; Elling, "State Legislative Casework and State Administrative Performance," Administration and Society, 12 (Nov. 1980):  327-356; Freeman and Richardson, "Casework in State Legislatures," State and Local Government Review, 26 (Winter 1994):  21-26; Richardson & Freeman, "Gender Differences in Constituency Service Among State Legislators," PRQ, 48 (March 1995):  169-180.

 

          Structure and Reform:  Citizens Conference on State Legislatures, The Sometimes Governments (1971); Chaffey, "The Institutionalization of State Legislatures:  A Comparative Study," WPQ, 23 (1980):  180-196; Roeder, "State Legislative Reform," APQ, 7 (Jan. 1979):  51-70; Hedlund, "Organizational Attributes of Legislatures:  Structure, Rules, Norms, Resources," LSQ, 9 (Feb. 1984):  51-121; Francis, "Costs and Benefits of Legislative Service in the American States," AJPS, 29 (Aug. 1985):  626-657; Patterson, Ripley, and Quinlan, "Citizens' Orientations Toward Legislatures:  Congress and the State Legis­lature," WPQ, 45 (June, 1992):  315-338; Rosenthal, Drawing the Line (1996).

 

          Representation:  Ingram, Laney, McCain, A Policy Approach to Political Representation:  Lessons from the Four Corners States (1980); Wahlke et al, The Legislative System (1962); Jewell, Representation in State Legislatures (1982); Rosenthal, The Decline of Representative Democracy (1998); Weber, "The Quality of State Legislative Representation:  A Critical Assessment," JOP, 61 (Aug., 1999):  609-627

 

          General:  Jewell, "The State of U.S. State Legislative Research," LSQ, 6 (Feb., 1981):  1-15; Rosenthal, Legislative Life (1981); Berkman, "Former State Legislators in the U.S. House of Representatives, LSQ, XVIII (Feb., 1993):  77-104; Caldeira, Clark, Patterson, "Political Respect in the Legislature," LSQ, XVIII (Feb. 1993):  3-28.

 

     Professionalization:  Fiorina, Divided Government (1992), chs. 3-4; Ehrenhalt, The United States of Ambition (1991); Benjamin and Malbin (eds.), Limiting Legislative Terms (1992); Squire, "Professionalization and Public Opinion of State Legisla­tors," JOP, 55 (May 1993):  479-491; Caress, "The Impact of Term Limits on Legislative Behavior:  An Examination of a Transitional Legislature," PS (Dec., 1996):  671-676.

 

          Gubernatorial-Legislative Relations:  Lauth, "The Governor and the Conference Committee in Georgia," LSQ, XV (Aug., 1990):  441-453; Rosenthal, Governors & Legislatures:  Contending Powers (1990); Bowman and Kearney, "Dimensions of State Govern­ment Capability," WPQ, 41 (1988):  341-362.

 

     Women:  Thomas, How Women Legislate (1994); Kathlene, "Power and Influence in State Legislative Policymaking:  The Interaction of Gender and Position in Committee Hearing Debates," APSR, 88 (Sept., 1994):  560-576; Jewell and Whicker, Legislative Leader­ship in the American States, 1994; Thomas, "The Impact of Women on State Legislative Policies," JOP, 53 (Nov., 1991):  958-976; Dolan and Ford, "Women in the State Legislatures," APQ, 23 (Jan., 1995):  96-108; Dolan & Ford, "Change and Continuity Among Women State Legislators:  Evidence From Three Decades," PRQ, 50 (March 1997):  137-151; Bratton & Haynie, "Agenda Setting & Legislative Success in State Legislatures:  The Effects of Gender & Race, JOP, 61 (Aug., 1999):  658-679

 

Week 8   Term Limits and Other Forms of Backlash

 

     Read:  Carey, Niemi, and Powell, Term Limits in the State Legislature (2000), chs. 2, 3

 

Week 9    Lawmaking via Initiative

 

     Read:  Gerber, The Populist Paradox (1999), chs. 3, 6, 7

 

     Recommended:  Broder, Democracy Derailed (1999); Las­cher, Hagen, & Rochlin, "Gun Behind the Door?  Ballot Initia­tives, State Policies & Public Opinion," JOP, 58 (Aug., 1996):  760-775; Gerber, "Legislative Response to the Threat of Popular Initia­tives," AJPS, 40 (Feb., 1996), 99-128; Gerber, "Legisla­tures, Initiatives, and Representation:  The Effects of State Legisla­tive Institutions on Policy," PRQ, 49 (June 1996):  263-286; Bowler, Donovan, and Tolbert, eds., Citizens as Legisla­tors:  Direct Democracy in the United States (1998).

 

Week 10 Courts

 

          Read:  *Tarr and Porter, State Supreme Courts in State and Nation (1988), chs. 1, 2, and 6, and either ch. 3 or 4 or 5; *Kilwein & Brisbin, "Policy Convergence in a Federal Judicial System:  The Application of Intensified Scrutiny Doctrines by State Supreme Courts," AJPS, 41 (Jan 1997):  122-148; *Brace and Hall, "The Interplay of Preferences, Case Facts, Context, and Rules in the Politics of Judicial Choice," JOP, 59 (Nov. 1997):  1206-1231.

 

          Recommended:  Impact and Policy:  Tarr, Judicial Impact and State Supreme Courts (1977); Porter and Tarr (eds.), State Supreme Courts:  Policymakers in the Federal System (1982); Feig, "Looking at Supreme Court Impact in Context," APQ, 13 (April 1985):  167-187; Wheeler et al, "Do the `Haves` Come Out Ahead?  Winning and Losing in State Supreme Courts, 1870-1970," Law & Society Review, 21 (#3, 1987):  403-445.

 

          General:  Fino, The Role of State Supreme Courts in the New Judicial Federalism (1987); special issue of Publius, March 1987; Glick, Supreme Courts in State Politics (1971); Daniels, "A Tangled Tale:  Studying State Supreme Courts," Law and Society Review, 22 (#5, 1988):  833-868; Stumpf and Culver, The Politics of State Courts (1992).

 

          Diffusion Studies:   Cald­eira, "Legal Precedent:  Structures of Communication Between State Supreme Courts," Social Networks, 10 (1988):  29-55; Caldeira, "On the Reputation of State Supreme Courts," Political Behavior, 5 (#1, 1983):  83-108; Canon and Baum, "Patterns of Adoption of Tort Law Innovations:  An Applica­tion of Diffusion Theory to Judicial Doctrines." APSR, 75 (Dec. 1981):  975-987; Puro, Gergerson, Puro, "An Analysis of Judicial Diffusion:  Adoption of the Missouri Plan in the Ameri­can States, Publius, 15 (Fall 1985):  85-97; Harris, "Ecology and Culture in the Communication of Precedent Among State Supreme Courts, 1870-1970, Law & Society Review, 19 (3, 1985):  449-486; Friedman, Kagan, Cartwright, Wheeler, "State Supreme Courts:  A Century of Style and Cita­tion," Stanford Law Review, 33 (May 1981):  773-818; Caldeira, "The Transmission of Legal Precedent:  A Study of State Supreme Courts," APSR, 79 (March 1985):  178-193.

 

          Elections:  Lovich and Sheldon, "Assessing Judicial Elections:  Effects upon the Electorate of High and Low Articula­tion Systems," WPQ, 38 (June 1985):  276-293; Dubois, "Penny for Your Thoughts?  Campaign Spending in California Trial Court Elections, 1976-1982," WPQ, 39 (June 1986):  265-284; Hall, "Constituent Influence in State Supreme Courts:  Conceptual Notes and a Case Study," JOP, 49 (1987):  1117-1124; Squire and Smith, "The Effect of Partisan Information on Voters in Nonpartisan Elections," JOP, 50 (1988):  169-179; Hall and Aspin, "What Twenty Years of Judicial Retention Elections Have Told Us," Judicature, 70 (April/May, 1987):  340-347; Culver and Wold, "Rose Bird and the Politics of Judicial Accountability in Cali­fornia," Judicature, 70 (Aug/Sept, 1986):  81-89; Wold and Culver, "The Defeat of the California Justic­es:  the Campaign, the Electorate, and the Issue of Judicial Account­ability," Judicature, 70 (April/May, 1987):  348-364; Haydel, "Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965:  A Challenge to State Judicial Election Systems," Judicature, 73 (Aug-Sept., 1989):  68-89; Alozie, "Distribution of Women and Minority Judges:  The Effects of Judicial Selection Methods," SSQ, 71 (June 1990):  315-325; Graham, "Do Judicial Selection Systems Matter?:  A Study of Black Representation on State Courts," APQ, 18 (July 1990):  316-336; Kagan, Infelise, and Detlefsen, "American State Supreme Court Justics, 1990-1970," American Bar Foundation Research Journal (1984):  371-408; Dubois, "The Politics of Innovation in State Courts:  The Merit Plan of Judicial Selection," Publius, 20 (Winter, 1990):  23-42. 

 

         Court Services and Administration:  Grossman, Kritzer, Bumiller, "Dimensions of Institutional Participation:  Who Uses the Courts, and How?" JOP, 44 (Feb. 1982):  86-114; Glick, "Innovation in State Judicial Administration," APQ, 9 (Jan. 1981):  49-69;

 

         Judicial Behavior:  Brace and Hall, "Neo-Institutional­ism and Dissent in State Supreme Courts," JOP, 52 (Feb., 1990):  54-70; Allen and Wall, "The Behavior of Women State Supreme Court Justices:  Are They Tokens or Outsiders?," The Justice System Journal, 12 (#2, 1987):  232-245; Hagan, "Patterns of Activism on State Supreme Courts," Publius, 18 (Winter, 1988):  97-115; Dubois, "The Illusion of Judicial Consensus Revisited:  Partisan Conflict on an Intermediate State Court of Appeals," AJPS, 32 (#4, 1988):  946-967; Scheb, Bowen, and Anderson, "Ideology, Role Orientations, and Behavior in the State Courts of Last Resort," APQ, 19 (July, 1991):  324-335; Swinford, "A Predictive Model of Decision Making in State Supreme Courts:  The School Financing Cases," APQ, 19 (July, 1991):  336-352; Hall, "Electoral Politics and Strategic Voting in State Supreme Courts," JOP, 54 (May, 1992):  427-446; Brace and Hall, "Integrated Models of Judicial Dissent," JOP, 55 (Nov., 1993):  914-935; Emmert and Traut, "The California Supreme Court and the Death Penalty," APQ, 22 (Jan., 1994):  41-61; Epstein, "Exploring the Participation of Orga­nized Interests in State Court Litigation," PRQ, 47 (June, 1994):  335-353; Brace & Hall, "Studying Courts Comparatively:  The View from the American States," PRQ, 48 (March 1995):  5-30; Songer & Kuersten, "The Success of Amici in State Supreme Courts," PRQ, 48 (March 1995):  31-42; Beavers and Walz, "Modeling Judicial Federalism:  Predictors of State Court Protections of Defendants' Rights Under State Constitutions, 1969-1989," Publius, 28 (Spring 1998):  43-60; Brace, Langer, & Hall, "Measuring the Preferences of State Supreme Court Judges," JOP, 62 (May 2000):  387-413; Songer & Tabrizi, "The Religious Right in Court:  The Decision Making of Christian Evangelicals in State Supreme Courts," JOP, 61 (May 1999):  507-526; Traut & Emmert, "Expanding the Integrat­ed Model of Judicial Decision Making:  The California Justices and Capital Punishment, JOP, 60 (Nov. 1998): 1166-1180

 

Week 11  The Opinion-Policy Linkage

 

          Read: Erikson, Wright, and McIver, Statehouse Democra­cy:  Public Opinion and Policy in the American States (1993);  *Mooney & Lee, "The Influence of Values on Consensus and the Contentious Morality Policy:  U.S. Death Penalty Reform, 1956-1982," JOP, 62 (Feb., 2000):  223-239

 

          Recommended:  Klingmen and Lammers, "The 'General Policy Liberalism' Factor in American State Politics," AJPS, 28 (August 1984):  598-610; Holbrook-Provow and Poe, "Measuring State Political Ideology," APQ, 15 (July 1987):  399-416; Jones and Miller, "State Polls:  Promising Data Sources for Political Research," JOP, 46 (Nov., 1984):  1182-1192; Wright, Erikson, McIver, "Measuring State Partisanship and Ideology with Survey Data," JOP, 47 (May 1985):  469-489; Uslaner and Weber, "Policy Congruence and American State Elites:  Descriptive Representation versus Electoral Accountability," JOP, 45 (1, 1983):  183-196; Pruet and Glick, "Social Environment, Public Opinion, and Judi­cial Policymaking," APQ, 14 (Jan-April 1986):  5-33; Lowery, Gray, and Hager, "Public Opinion and Policy Changes in the American States," APQ, 17 (Jan., 1989):  3-31; Weber, Public Policy Preferences in the States; Erikson, "The Relationship Between Public Opinion and State Policy:  A New Look Based on Some Forgotten Data," AJPS, 20 (Feb. 1976):  25-36; Weber and Shaffer, "Public Opinion and American State Policy-Making," MJPS, 16 (Nov. 1972):  683-699; Hopkins, "Opinion Publics and Support for Public Policy in the American States," AJPS, 18 (Feb. 1974):  167-178; ; Wright, Erikson, McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liber­al­ism in the American States," AJPS, 31 (4, 1987):  980-100); Erikson, Wright, McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opin­ion, and State Policy in the United States," APSR, 83 (Sept., 1989):  729-750; Roeder, Public Opinion and Policy Leadership in the American States (1994); Hill & Hinton-Andersson, "Pathways of Representation:  A Causal Analysis of Public Opinion-Policy Linkages," AJPS, 39 (Nov., 1995):  924-935; Berry, Ringquist, Fording, and Hanson, "Measuring Citizen and Government Ideology in the American States, 1960-93," AJPS, 42 (Jan. 1998):  337-348;

 

 

Week 12   Public Policy:  Economic and Political Explanations

 

          Read:  *Plotnick and Winters, "A Politico-Economic Theory of Income Redistribution," APSR, 79 (June 1985):  458-473; *Grogan, "Political-Economic Factors Influencing State Medicaid Policy," PRQ, 47 (Sept., 1994):  589-622 & Correction, PRQ, 49 (Sept. 1996):  673-676; *Brown, "Party Cleavages and Welfare Effort in the American States," APSR, 89 (March 1995):  23-33; *Smith, "The Nature of Party Governance:  Connecting Conceptual­ization and Measurement," AJPS, 41 (July 1997):  1042-1056.

 

          Recommended:  Classic Studies:  Dawson and Robinson, "Interparty Competition, Economic Variables, and Welfare Policies in the American States," JOP, 25 (May 1963):  265-289; Dye, Politics, Economics and the Public (1966); Sharkansky, Spending in the American States; Sharkansky and Hofferbert, "Dimensions of State Politics, Economics, and Public Policy," APSR, 63 (Sept. 1969):  867-879; Cnudde and McCrone, "Party Competition and Welfare Policies in the American States," APSR, 63 (Sept. 1969); Hofferbert, "The Relation Between Public Policy and Some Struc­tural and Environmental Variables in the American States," APSR, 60 (March 1966):  73-82; Hofferbert, "Ecological Development and Policy Change in the American States," MJPS, 10 (Nov. 1966):  464-483; Hofferbert, "Socio-economic Dimensions of the American States:  1890-1960," MJPS, 12 (Aug. 1968):  401-418; Fry and Winters, "The Politics of Redistribution," APSR, 64 (June 1970):  508-522; Jennings, "Competition, Constitutencies, and Welfare Policies in American States," APSR, 73 (June, 1979):  414-429.

 

          Later Studies--Garand, "Partisan Change and Shifting Expenditure Priorities in the American States, 1945-1978," APQ, 13 (Oct., 1985):  355-391; Gray, "A Reformulation of the Effect of Party Competition on State Policy:  Organizational Survival," Polity, 7 (Winter 1974):  248-263; Jennings, "Some Policy Conse­quences of the Long Revolution and Bifactional Rivalry in Louisi­ana," AJPS, 21 (May 1977):  225-246; Lewis-Beck, "The Relative Importance of Socioeconomic and Political Variables for Public Policy," APSR, 71 (June 1977):  559-566; Gray, "Models of Compar­ative State Politics:  A Comparison of Cross-Sectional and Time Series Aanlyses," AJPS, 20 (May 1976):  235-256; Uslaner, "Com­parative State Policy Formation, Interparty Competition and Malapportionment:  A New Look at V.O. Key's Hypothesis," JOP, 40 (May 1978):  409-432; Tompkins, "A Causal Model of State Welfare Expenditures," JOP, 37 (May 1975):  392-416; Tucker, "It's About Time:  The Use of Time in Cross-Sectional State Policy Research," AJPS, 26 (Feb. 1982):  176-196; Winters, "Party Control and Policy Change," AJPS, 20 (Nov. 1976):  597-636; Booms and Halldo­rson, "The Politics of Redistribution:  A Reformulation," APSR, 67 (Sept 1973):  924-933; Sullivan, "A Note on Redistributive Politics," APSR, 66 (Dec. 1972):  1301-1305; De Leon, "Politics, Economic Surplus and Redistribution in the American States:  A Test of a Theory," AJPS, 17 (Nov 1973):  781-796; Fry, "An Examination of the Relationship Between Selected Electoral Characteristics and State Redistributive Efforts," AJPS, 18 (May 1974); Hanson, "The 'Content' of Welfare Policy:  The States and Aid to Families with Dependent Children," JOP, 45 (Aug. 1983):  771-785; Lowery, Konda, and Garand, "Spending in the States:  A Test of Six Models," WPQ, 37 (March 1984):  48-66; Sigelman, Lowery, and Smith, "The Tax Revolt:  A Comparative State Analy­sis," WPQ, 36 (March 1983):  30-51; Garand, "Government Growth in the States:  A Longitudinal Test of Competing Explanations," APSR, 82 (Sept. 1988); Garand, "Measuring Government Growth in the American States," APQ, 16 (Oct., 1988):  405-424; Hanson, "Medicaid and the Politics of Redistribution," AJPS, 28 (May, 1984):  313-339; Morgan and Hirlinger, "Socioeconomic Dimensions of the American States:  An Update," SSQ, 70 (March 1989):  184-196; Plotnick and Winters, "Party, Political Liberalism, and Redistribution:  An Application to the American States," APQ, 18 (Oct., 1990):  430-458; Peterson and Rom, Welfare Magnets (1990); Hwang and Gray, "External Limits and Internal Determinants of State Public Policy," WPQ, 44 (June, 1991):  277-298; Dye, "Party and Policy in the States," JOP, 46 (Nov., 1984):  1098-1116; Barr­ill­eaux and Miller, "The Political Economy of State Medicaid Poli­cy," APSR, 82 (Dec., 1988):  1089-1107; Tweedie, "Resources Rather Than Needs:  A State-Centered Model of Welfare Policymaki­ng," AJPS, 38 (Aug., 1994):  651-672; *Alt and Lowry, "Divided Government, Fiscal Institutions, and Budget Deficits:  Evidence from the States," APSR, 88 (Dec., 1994):  811-828; Radcliff & Saiz, "Race, Turnout, and Public Policy in the American States," PRQ, 48 (Dec., 1995):  775-794; Berch, "Explaining Changes in Tax Incidence in the States," PRQ, 48 (Sept., 1995):  629-642; Fording, "The Conditional Effect of Violence as a Political Tactic:  Mass Insurgency, Welfare Generosity, & Electoral Context in the American States," AJPS, 41 (Jan., 1997):  1-29; Mooney & Lee, "Legislating Morality in the American States:  The Case of Pre-Roe Abortion Regulation Reform," AJPS, 39 (Aug., 1995):  599-627; Haider-Markel and O'Brien, "Creating a 'Well Regulated Militia':  Policy Responses to Paramilitary Groups in the Ameri­can States," PRQ, 50 (Sept., 1997):  551-566; Haider-Markel, "The Politics of Social Regulatory Policy:  State and Federal Hate Crime Policy and Implementation Effort," PRQ, 51 (March 1998):  69-88; Schram, Nitz, and Krueger, "Without Cause or Effect:  Reconsidering Welfare Migration as a Policy Problem," AJPS, 42 (Jan. 1998):  210-230; Barrilleaux, "A Test of the Independent Influences of Electoral Competition and Party Strength in a Model of State Policy-Making," AJPS, 41 (Oct., 1997):  1462-1466; Radcliff and Saiz, "Labor Organization and Public Policy in the American States," JOP, 60 (Feb., 1998):  113-125; Peterson and Rom, "American Federalism, Welfare Policy, and Residential Choices," APSR, 83 (Sept., 1989):  711-728; Smith & Rademacher, "Expensive Lessons:  Education and the Political Economy of the American State," PRQ, 52 (Dec 1999):  709-728; Barrilleaux, "Executive Branch Political and Institutional Influences on Policy Making in the American States," State/Local Govt. Review, 31 (Winter 1999):  53-59; Howard, "The American Welfare State, or States?," PRQ, 52 (June 1999):  421-442; Stream, "Health Reform in the States:  A Model of State Small Group Health Insurance Market Reforms," PRQ, 52 (Sept., 1999):  499-526; Berry, Fording & Hanson, "An Annual Cost of Living Increase for the American States, 1960-1995," JOP, 62 (May 2000):  550-567; Allard & Danziger, "Welfare Magents:  Myth or Reality?," JOP, 62 (May 2000):  350-368.

 

Week 13   PAPERS DUE:  Class Reports

 

Week 14  Diffusion of Innovations

 

        Read:  *Walker, "The Diffusion of Innovations in the American States," APSR, 63 (Sept., 1969):  880-899; *Berry & Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innova­tions:  An Event History Analysis," APSR, 84 (June, 1990):  395-416; *Mintrom, "Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation, AJPS, 41 (July 1997):  738-770.

 

        Recommended:  D­owns, Bureaucra­cy, Innovation and Public Policy (1976); Gray, "Inno­vation in the States:  A Diffusion Study," APSR, 67 (Dec., 1973):  1174-1193; Grupp and Richards, "Variations in Elite Percep­tions of American States as Referents for Public Policy Making," APSR, 69 (Sept. 1975):  850-858; Eyestone, "Confusion, Diffusion and Innovation," APSR, 71 (June 1977):  441-447; Gray, "Expendi­tures and Innova­tion as Dimensions of Progressivism:  A Note on the American States," AJPS, 18 (Nov. 1974):  634-700; Gray and Williams, The Organizational Politics of Criminal Justice (1980); Berry and Berry, "Tax Innovation in the States:  Capitalizing on Political Opportunity," AJPS, 36 (Aug., 1992):  715-742; Gray, "State Legislatures and Policy Innovators," in Silbey (ed.), Encyclopedia of the American Legislative System (1994):  1347-1360; Gray, "Compe­tition, Emula­tion, and Policy Innovation," in Dodd and Jillson (eds.), Govern­ing Processes and Politi­cal Change (1994):  230-248; Glick and Hays, "Inno­vation and Reinve­ntion in State Policymaking:  Theory and the Evolution of Living Will Laws," JOP, 53 (Aug., 1991):  835-850; Glick, The Right to Die:  Policy Innovation and Its Consequences (1992); Savage, "Diffusion Research Traditions and the Spread of Policy Innovations in a Federal System," Publius, 15 (Fall 1985):  1-27; Hays, "Influences on Reinvention During the Diffusion of Innovations," PRQ, 49 (Sept., 1996):  631-650; Skocpol, Howard, Lehmann, and Abend-Wein, "Women's Associa­tions and the Enactment of Mothers' Pensions in the United States," APSR, 87 (Sept., 1993):  686-701 and comment, APSR, 89 (Sept, 1995):  710-730; Mintrom and Vergari, "Policy Networks and Innovation Diffusion:  The Case of State Education Reforms," JOP, 60( Feb, 1998):  126-148; Mintrom, Policy Entrepreneurs and School Choice (2000); Winder & LaPlant, "State Lawsuits against 'Big Tobacco':  A Test of Diffusion Theory," State/Local Govt. Review, 32 (Spring 2000):  132-141

 

Other Topics:

 

     Health Policy:  Rich and White, eds., Health Policy, Feder­alism, and the American States (1996); Fox and Iglehart, eds., Five States That Could Not Wait (1994); Leichter, ed., Health Policy Reform in America:  Innovations from the States, 2nd (199x).

       

        Economic Policy:  Eisi­nger, The Rise of the Entrepreneur­ial State (1988); Yanarella and Green (eds.), The Politics of Indus­trial Recruitment (1990);  Ambrosius & Welch, "State Legisl­ators' Perceptions of Business and Labor Interest," LSQ, 13 (May, 1988):  199-209; Ambrosius, "The Role of Occupa­tional Interests in State Economic Development Policy-Making," WPQ, 42 (#3, 1989):  53-68;  Hansen, "Targeting in Economic Develop­ment:  Comparative State Perspectives," Publius, 19 (Spring, 1989):  47-62; Hyde, Hudson, & Carroll, "Business and State Economic Development," WPQ, 41 (March, 1988):  181-191;    Brace and Mucciaroni, "The American States and the Shifting Locus of Positive Economic Intervention," PSR, 10 (Fall, 1990):  151-173; Eisinger, "Review Essay:  The State of State Venture Capi­talism," EDQ, 5 (Feb., 1991):  64-76;   Hanson and Berkman, "Gauging the Rainmak­ers:  Toward a Meterorol­ogy of State Legisla­tive Cli­mates," EDQ, 5 (Aug., 1991):  213-228; Eisinger, "State Venture Capitalism, State Politics, and the World of High-Risk Invest­ment," EDQ, 7 (May 1993):  131-139; Hanson, "Bidding for Busi­ness:  A Second War Between the States?," EDQ, 7 (May 1993):  183-198; Portz, "State Economic Development Programs:  The Trials and Tribula­tions of Implementa­tion," EDQ, 7 (May 1993):  160-171; Fox, "The Influence of Political Conditions on Foreign Firm Location Decisions in the American States (1974-1989)," PRQ, 49 (March 1996):  51-76.

 

     Economic Growth:  Dye, "Taxing, Spending and Economic Growth in the American States," JOP, 42 (Nov. 1980):  1085-1109; Brace, "Iso­lating the Economies of States," APQ, 17 (July, 1989):  256-276; Gray & Lowery, "Interest Group Politics and Economic Growth in the U.S. States," APSR, 82 (March 1988):  109-132, and Brace, Cohen, Gray, & Lowery, "How Much Do Interest Groups Influence State Economic Growth?" APSR, 83 (Dec., 1989):  1297-1308; Jones, "Public Policies and Economic Growth in the American States," JOP, 52 (Feb., 1990):  219-233; Hendrick and Garand, "Variation in State Economic Growth:  Decomposing State, Region­al, and National Effects," JOP, 53 (Nov., 1991):  1093-1110; Brace, "The Changing Context of State Political Economy," JOP, 53 (May 1991):  297-317; Garand, "Chang­ing Patterns of Relative State Economic Growth Over Time:  Limitations on Cross-Sectional Tests of Olson's Thesis," WPQ, 45 (June, 1992):  469-484; Brace, State Government and Economic Performance (1993). 

 

     Corporatism:  Hansen, "Industrial Policy and Corporatism in the American States," Governance, 2 (April, 1989):  172-197; Huds­on, Hyde, & Carroll, "Corpo­ratist Policy Making & State Economic Develop­ment," Polity, 9 (Spring, 1987):  402-418; Gray and Lowery, "Corpo­ratism Without Labor?:  Industrial Policymaking in the American States," Journal of Public Policy, 11 (#3, 1992):  315-329; Gray and Lowery, "The Corporatist Foundations of State Industrial Policy," SSQ, 71 (March 1990):  3-24

 

     Effectiveness of Economic Policy:  Ambrosius, "The Effec­tiveness of State Economic Develop­ment Policies:  A Time-Series Analysis," WPQ, 42 (Sept., 1989):  283-300; Lowery and Gray, "Holding Back the Tide of Bad Economic Times:  The Compen­satory Impact of State Indus­trial Policy," SSQ, 73 (Sept., 1992):  483-495; Lowery and Gray, "The Compensatory Impact of State Industri­al Policy:  An Empiri­cal Assessment of Midterm Effects," SSQ, 76 (June 1995):  438-446.

 

          The State and state policy:  Pavalko, "State Timing of Policy Adoption:  Workmen's Compensation in the United States, 1909-1929," AJS, 95 (Nov., 1989):  592-615; Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers (1992).

 

        Regulation:  Williams and Matheny, "Testing Theories of Social Regulation:  Hazardous Waste Regulation in the American States," JOP, 46 (May 1984):  428-458; Berry, "Utility Regula­tion in the States:  The Policy Effects of Professionalism and Sa­lience to the Consum­er," AJPS, 23 (May 1979):  263-277; Gorml­ey, The Politics of Public Utility Regulation (1983); Gormley, "Policy, Politics, and Public Utility Regulation," AJPS, 27 (Feb. 1983):  86-105; Lester, Franke, Bowman, Kramer, "Hazardous Wastes, Politics, and Public Policy:  A Comparative State Analy­sis," WPQ; Williams and Matheny, Democracy, Dialogue, and Social Regulation:  Being Fair versus Being Right (forthcoming, 1995); Ringquist, "Does Regulation Matter?  Evaluating the Effects of State Air Pollution Control Programs," JOP, 55 (Nov., 1993):  1022-1045; Ringquist, "Testing Theories of State Policy-Making," APQ, 21 (July 1993):  320-342.

 

          IGR:  Anton, American Federalism & Public Policy (1989), chs. 1-6, 9; Chubb, "The Political Economy of Federal­ism," APSR, 79 (Dec., 1985):  994-1015; Reagan, The New Federal­ism, 2nd ed; Riker, Federalism; Dahl & Tufte, Size and Democracy; Beer, "Federalism, Nationalism, and Democracy in America," APSR, 72 (March 1978):  9-21; Rosenthal & Hoefler, "Competing Approach­es to the Study of American Federalism and Intertovernmental Rela­tions," Publius, 19 (Winter, 1989):  1-23; Elazar, American Federalism:  A View from the States, 3rd ed. (1984); Derthick, The Influence of Federal Grants; Peterson et al, When Federalism Works (1986); Nathan et al, Reagan and the States (1987); Eisin­ger and Gormley, The Midwest Response to the New Federalism (1988); Conlan, New Federalism:  Inter­governmental Reform from Nixon to Reagan (1988); Dye, American Federalism (1990); Donahue, Disunited States (1997); Hanson, ed., Governing Partners:  State-Local Relations in the United States (1998).

 

Teaching and Research Resources

 

Specialized Periodicals

 

Publius is a scholarly periodical on federalism; it has an annual issue on the state of federalism.  Refereed.

 

Governing, a monthly publication of CQ; journalistic.

 

State Politics and Policy, the official journal of the APSA State Politics and Policy Organized Section.  Published by University of Illinois Press.  Refereed. 

 

Spectrum, a quarterly journal published by Council of State Governments; semi-scholarly.

 

State Government News, a monthly magazine published by Council of State Governments; not scholarly.

 

Economic Development Quarterly, published by Sage, contains articles on economic development by scholars and practitioners.

 

State and Local Government Review, a journal of research and viewpoints on state and local government issues.  Published at University of Georgia; refereed.

 

Reference

 

Book of the States is a biennial publication of Council of State Governments.  Contains rankings of states on every conceivable dimension.

 

"bluebook" is generic name for each state's government organiza­tion manual.

 

Barone, Almanac of American Politics, annual publication contain­ing short political history, election returns of states.

 

State Politics and Government series published by University of Nebraska Press will include a volume on every state.

 

NewsBank Index (1981 to present).  This service provides access to the contents of newspapers from more than 400 U.S. cities.  Selected articles of broad interest are reproduced on microfiche and indexed monthly (with quarterly and annual cumulations).

 

Web sites:  too numerous to list.