Physics and Astronomy
LAURIE E. MCNEIL, Chair
Professors
Bruce W. Carney, Gerald N. Cecil, Arthur E. Champagne, Wayne A. Christiansen, Thomas B. Clegg, Louise A. Dolan, Jonathan H. Engel, Charles R. Evans, Paul H. Frampton, John P. Hernandez, Christian G. Iliadis, Hugon J. Karwowski, Dmitri V. Khveshchenko, Jianping Lu, Laurie E. McNeil, Yee Jack Ng, James A. Rose, Lawrence G. Rowan, Richard Superfine, Frank Tsui, Hendrik Van Dam, Sean Washburn, Yue Wu, Otto Zhou.
Associate Professors
J. Christopher Clemens, Lu-Chang Qin, Daniel E. Reichart.
Assistant Professors
Reyco Henning, Sheila Kannappan, Rene Lopez, Laura Mersini, Paul Tiesinga.
Research Professor
Robert K. McMahan Jr.
Research Associate Professors
Mike Falvo, Alfred Kleinhammes, Nalin R. Parikh, Russell M. Taylor II.
Research Assistant Professor
Edward Timothy O’Brien III.
Adjunct Professors
William W. Clark III, Richard Hammond, Ryan M. Rohm, John E. Rowe, Jie Tang.
Adjunct Associate Professors
John D. Hunn, Brian R. Stoner, A. Christopher Thompson.
Adjunct Assistant Professors
Christopher Bower, Yueh Lee.
Lecturers
Alice Churukian, Duane Deardorff, David Green.
Professors Emeriti
Wayne A. Bowers, Charles V. Briscoe, Sang-Il Choi, Morris S. Davis, Kian S. Dy, William M. Hooke, Paul S. Hubbard, Horst Kessemeier, Edward J. Ludwig, J. Ross Macdonald, Eugen Merzbacher, Earl N. Mitchell, Everett D. Palmatier, Dietrich Schroeer, Stephen M. Shafroth, Lawrence M. Slifkin, Joseph W. Straley, William J. Thompson, James W. York Jr.
Introduction
The goal of physics is a unified description of the properties of matter and energy. The study of matter and energy encompasses a wide range of phenomena from the subnuclear to the cosmological. Physics seeks to understand the way the universe “works,” from the very small scale (quarks and neutrinos) to the human scale (materials encountered in daily life) to the structure of the cosmos. Different approaches and technologies are used in these different regimes.
The areas of active research at UNC–Chapel Hill can be divided into nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics, condensed matter and materials physics, field and particle physics, astronomy and astrophysics, and biophysics. Often, the separation between subfields is not as distinct as it appears. For example, nuclear and particle physics is used to address questions in astrophysics. As scientists have learned more about the universe, they have realized that even the boundaries between the sciences have blurred. Today, physics shares interests with biology, chemistry, and computer science. Physicists are also responsible for the invention of much of our modern technology, including computers, lasers, medical imaging devices such as MRI and ultrasound, nuclear reactors, and the World Wide Web.
Physics has played a significant role in shaping modern society and culture, and some knowledge of physics is essential if one is to fully appreciate the world. As the frontiers of physics and astronomy have advanced, old questions have been answered or refined, new questions have been asked, and major surprises have been encountered. The joy of doing physics is “To see a world in a grain of sand and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour” (William Blake).
Programs of Study
The department offers a bachelor of science in physics and a bachelor of arts in physics (with options in standard physics, astronomy, and geophysics). A minor in astronomy and a minor in physics also are offered.
Majoring in Physics and Astronomy: Bachelor of Arts
I. Preliminaries: three-semester introductory sequence of mechanics, electromagnetism, and modern physics, i.e., relativity and quantum mechanics, (PHYS 116, 117, and 128/128L).
II. Also MATH 231, 232, 233, 383.
III. Two required classes: mechanics (PHYS 201 or 301) and electromagnetism (211 or 311).
IV. One additional course chosen from any physics course numbered above 200, excluding laboratory courses.
V. Five additional courses to satisfy one of the following three areas of concentrations.
B.A. Standard Option
• CHEM 101/101L and 102/102L
• One additional course chosen from III above
• Two additional courses chosen from III above or from ASTR 501, 502, and 519
Astronomy Option
• ASTR 101/101L Descriptive Astronomy and laboratory
• ASTR 301 Cosmic Evolution
• ASTR 501 Astrophysics I (Stellar Astrophysics)
• ASTR 502 Astrophysics II (Interstellar Matter and Gallaxies)
• ASTR 519 Observational Astronomy
Geophysical Option
• CHEM 101/101L and 102/102L
• One additional course chosen from III above
• Two courses chosen from
I. GEOL 515 Geophysics
II. GEOL 518 Geodynamics
III. PHYS 422 Physics of the Earth’s Interior
IV. PHYS 660 Fluid Dynamics
As part of these course requirements, candidates for the B.A. degree must earn grades of C (not C-) or higher in at least 18 credit hours of physics courses (PHYS) numbered 201 or higher (and/or astronomy courses [ASTR] numbered 291 or higher for students pursuing the astronomy concentration).
Majoring in Physics and Astronomy: Bachelor of Science
• Preliminaries: three-semester introductory sequence of mechanics, electromagnetism, and modern physics, i.e., relativity and quantum mechanics, (PHYS 116, 117, 128/128L)
I. CHEM 101/101L and CHEM 102/102L
II. MATH 231, 232, 233, 383
• Required classes
I. MATH 528 and 529 Mathematical Methods for Physical Sciences I and II
II. PHYS 301 Mechanics I
III. PHYS 311 and 312 Electromagnetism I and II
IV. PHYS 321 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics and 521 Applications of Quantum Mechanics
V. PHYS 331 Introduction to Numerical Techniques in Physics
VI. PHYS 341 Thermal Physics
VII. PHYS 351 Electronics I
VIII. PHYS 481 and 482 Advanced Laboratory I and II
• Two additional courses chosen from any physics course numbered above 300, or independent research (PHYS 295 or 395; ASTR 291 or 391)
As part of these course requirements, candidates for the B.S. degree must earn degree grades of C (not C-) or higher in at least 18 credit hours of physics courses numbered 331 or higher.
Most students will find it advantageous to defer some of the General Education requirements to the junior and/or senior year(s).
Various substitutions can be made, with the approval of the student’s advisor, for required physics courses in the sophomore, junior, and senior years. PHYS 671L and/or 672L may be substituted for other laboratory courses (PHYS 481, 482), and courses chosen from PHYS 352, 415, 543, 545, 573, 595, and ASTR 301, 501, 502 may be substituted for PHYS 331 or 521.
Minoring in Physics and Astronomy
The minor in physics consists of five courses (Track 1 or 2).
Track 1 (Physics)
• Three-semester introductory sequence of mechanics, electromagnetism, and modern physics, i.e., relativity and quantum mechanics, (PHYS 116, 117, 128 and 128L)
• Two physics courses numbered above 200 that have as prerequisites one or more of the three courses listed above
Track 2 (Astronomy)
• Three semesters of introductory physics and astronomy (PHYS 116, 117, ASTR 101/101L)
• Two courses chosen from ASTR 291, 301, 519
Honors in Physics and Astronomy
The department offers an honors program for students majoring in physics. This program involves independent study and research (or advanced course work) and an oral presentation. It requires an overall grade point average of at least 3.2 and a GPA of 3.4 for physics and mathematics at the end of the junior year.
Students who wish to enter the honors program should consult with their departmental advisors not later than the preregistration period in the spring semester of their junior year.
Special Opportunities in Physics and Astronomy
Departmental Involvement
The Society of Physics Students, open to anyone interested in physics, builds connections between undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, and alumni. The society invites visitors to give talks and sponsors a number of events for students each year.
Undergraduate Awards
The department gives awards each year to the senior (Shearin Award) and junior (Johnson Award) who achieve the most.
Undergraduate Research
All majors conduct at least one semester of research under the supervision of a faculty member. Many enjoy the experience so much that they continue for several semesters.
Graduate School and Career Opportunities
Students majoring in physics who are considering marine sciences as a graduate specialty should consult the material under the Department of Marine Sciences.
Contact Information
Jon Engel, CB# 3255, 160 Phillips Hall, (919) 962-2619, engelj@physics.unc.edu. Web site: www.physics.unc.edu.
061 [006G] First-Year Seminar: The Copernican Revolution (PHYS 061) (3). This seminar explores the 2,000-year effort to understand the motion of the sun, moon, stars, and five visible planets. Earth-centered cosmos gives way to the conclusion that Earth is just another body in space. Cultural changes accompany this revolution in thinking.
063 [006D] First-Year Seminar: Catastrophe and Chaos: Unpredictable Physics (PHYS 063) (3). Physics is often seen as the most precise and deterministic of sciences. Determinism can break down, however. This seminar explores the rich and diverse areas of modern physics in which “unpredictability” is the norm.
101 Descriptive Astronomy (3). Corequisite, ASTR 101L. A study of the celestial sphere, time, Earth, moon, artificial satellites, eclipses, sun, solar system, stars, the Milky Way, extragalactic systems, and cosmogony.
101L Descriptive Astronomy Laboratory (1). Corequisite, ASTR 101. Laboratory exercises, elementary calculations to illustrate methods used in astronomy. Work is performed in the planetarium (ASTR 101P) and observatory night laboratoriess (ASTR 101L). Two laboratory hours a week.
205 The Medieval Foundations of Modern Cosmology (3). This course will examine science as it emerged and developed in the West starting in the 13th century. We will use example problems from cosmology that are relevant today.
291 [091] Research and Special Topics for Juniors and Seniors (1–12). Permission of the instructor. To be taken by honors candidates and other qualified juniors and seniors.
301 [117] Cosmic Evolution (3). Prerequisites, MATH 232 and ASTR 101, or permission of the instructor. A course in stellar and planetary astrophysics with emphasis on astronomical conditions for the development and sustenance of life.
391 [092] Research and Special Topics for Juniors and Seniors (1–12). Permission of the instructor. To be taken by honors candidates and other qualified juniors and seniors.
501 [142] Astrophysics I (Stellar Astrophysics) (3). Prerequisites, MATH 383 and PHYS 128, or permission of the instructor. An introduction to the study of stellar structure and evolution. Topics covered include observational techniques, stellar structure and energy transport, nuclear energy sources, evolution off the main-sequence, and supernovae.
502 [143] Astrophysics II (Interstellar Matter and Galaxies) (3). Prerequisites, MATH 383 and PHYS 128, or permission of the instructor. An introduction to the study of the structure and contents of galaxies. Topics covered include the interstellar medium, interstellar hydrodynamics, supersonic flow and shock formation, star formation, galactic evolution, the expanding universe, and cosmology.
519 [137] Observational Astronomy (4). Prerequisite, ASTR 101 or permission of the instructor. A course designed to familiarize the student with observational techniques in optical and radio astronomy, including application of photography, spectroscopy, photometry, and radio methods. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week.
051 [006D] First-Year Seminar: The Interplay of Music and Physics (MUSC 051) (3). This seminar examines musical instruments and the way in which sounds are combined to make music. Team-taught by Professor Laurie McNeil of the Department of Physics and Astronomy and Professor Brent Wissick of the Department of Music. Grand finale is a concert given by students, featuring their own compositions for instruments they have designed and built.
052 First-Year Seminar: Making the Right Connections (3). This seminar investigates the multiple roles that computers and microprocessors perform in scientific investigations and the impact of technological advances on society. Students perform experiments, take field trips to research laboratories, and gain hands-on experience with computer-based instrumentation.
053 [006D] First-Year Seminar: Handcrafting in the Nanoworld: Building Models and Manipulating Molecules (3). This seminar provides a general introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology, focusing on recent advances in molecular electronics, nanomaterials, and biomedical research. Course activities include group model-building projects, presentations, and discussions of reading material.
054 First-Year Seminar: Physics of Movies (3). Students watch and analyze short movie clips that demonstrate interesting, unusual, or impossible physics. Group analysis emphasized.
061 [006G] First-Year Seminar: The Copernican Revolution (PHYS 061) (3). This seminar explores the 2,000-year effort to understand the motion of the sun, moon, stars, and five visible planets. Earth-centered cosmos gives way to the conclusion that Earth is just another body in space. Cultural changes accompany this revolution in thinking.
063 [006D] First-Year Seminar: Catastrophe and Chaos: Unpredictable Physics (PHYS 063) (3). Physics is often seen as the most precise and deterministic of sciences. Determinism can break down, however. This seminar explores the rich and diverse areas of modern physics in which “unpredictability” is the norm.
071 [006C] First-Year Seminar: Power Down: Preparing Your Community for the Transition from Cheap Oil (3). This seminar examines waste byproducts, including the effects of greenhouse gases on global climate and the long-term storage of nuclear waste.
100 [016] How Things Work (3). Demystifying the working of objects such as CD players, microwave ovens, lasers, computers, roller coasters, rockets, light bulbs, automobiles, clocks, copy machines, x-ray and CAT-scan machines, and nuclear reactors.
101 [020] Basic Concepts of Physics (4). Basic principles of physics with introduction to quantum physics, atoms, nuclei, and relativity. Not to be taken for credit after PHYS 104–105 or 116–117. Three lecture and two laboratory hours a week.
102 [024E] (3). Lecture portion of 104, awarded as AP credit.
103 [025E] (3). Lecture portion of 105, awarded as AP credit.
104 [024] General Physics I (4). Corequisite, MATH 130 or equivalent. Only one of PHYS 104 and 116 may be taken for credit. Three lecture hours and two laboratory hours a week.
104L [024L] General Physics Laboratory (1). Permission of the department. This section is only for students who have completed the lecture section through transfer credit, BE credit, etc. Two laboratory hours a week.
105 [025] General Physics II (4). Prerequisite, PHYS 104. Only one of PHYS 105 and 117 may be taken for credit. Three lecture hours a week and two laboratory hours a week.
105L [025L] General Physics Laboratory (1). By permission of the department. This section is only for students who have completed the lecture section through transfer credit, BE credit, etc. Two laboratory hours a week.
116 [026] Mechanics (4). Prerequisite, MATH 231 or permission of the instructor; corequisite, MATH 232. Only one of PHYS 104 and 116 may be taken for credit. Mechanics of particles and rigid bodies. Newton’s laws; conservation principles. Oscillatory and wave motion. Sound. Four hours lecture and recitation per week and two laboratory hours every second week.
117 [027] Electromagnetism and Optics (4). Prerequisites, MATH 232 and PHYS 116, or permission of the instructor; corequisite, MATH 233. Only one of PHYS 105 and 117 may be taken for credit. Electricity and magnetism; Laws of Coulomb, Ampere, and Faraday. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves. Light; diffraction and interference. Four hours lecture and recitation per week and two laboratory hours every second week.
128 [028] Modern Physics (3). Prerequisite, PHYS 117 (or PHYS 105 by permission of the instructor); corequisite, PHYS 128L. Special relativity theory, black body radiation, photons and electrons; wave particle duality. Elements of atomic theory, nuclei and fundamental particles. Three lecture hours a week.
128L Modern Physics Laboratory (1). Pre- or corequisite, PHYS 128. Selected modern physics experiments. Written research reports and oral presentations. Three laboratory hours a week.
131 [018] Energy: Physical Principles and the Quest for Alternatives to Dwindling Oil and Gas (3). Corequisite, PHYS 131L. A quantitative exploration of the physical principles behind energy development and use within modern civilization, the stark impact of depleted fossil fuel reserves, and alternative sources.
131L Energy: Physical Principles and the Quest for Alternatives to Dwindling Oil and Gas (1). Corequisite, PHYS 131. Explore renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Three laboratory hours per week.
132 [037] Science and Society (3). A description of the scientific community and how scientists relate to such sociotechnical issues as the space program, the arms race, the energy problem, computer technology, medical technology, and pseudosciences.
133 How Bio Works (3). Physics of biology and biotechnology. Life as an assembly of molecular machines that manipulate DNA, replicate cells, propel bacteria, and contract muscles. Nanotechnology for DNA biotechnology and microscale fluid chips.
201 [052] Basic Mechanics (3). Prerequisites, MATH 232 and PHYS 104 (or 116), or permission of the instructor. A one-semester course in statics, kinematics, simple harmonic motion, central forces, and applications from modern physics.
211 [058] Intermediate Electromagnetism (3). Prerequisites, MATH 233 and PHYS 105 (or 117). Electric fields and potentials, dielectrics, steady currents, magnetic flux and magnetic materials, electromagnetic induction. Emphasis on Maxwell’s equations and their application to electromagnetic waves in bounded and unbounded media. Three lecture hours a week.
295 [091] Research and Special Topics for Juniors and Seniors (1–12). To be taken by honors candidates and other qualified juniors and seniors.
301 [103] Mechanics I (3). Prerequisites, MATH 233 and PHYS 117, or permission of the instructor. Particle kinematics, central forces, planetary motions. Systems of particles, conservation laws, nonlinearity. Statics, motion of rigid bodies. Langrange’s and Hamilton’s equations. Euler’s equations. Vibrations and waves.
302 [104] Mechanics II (3). Prerequisite, PHYS 301. Advanced topics in mechanics.
311 [107] Electromagnetism I (3). Prerequisites, MATH 383 and PHYS 117, or permission of the instructor. Brief treatment of DC and AC circuit theory. Electrostatics: dielectrics, the magnetic field, magnetic materials. Maxwell’s equations and their application to electromagnetic waves.
312 [108] Electromagnetism II (3). Prerequisites, MATH 383 and PHYS 117, or permission of the instructor. Brief treatment of DC and AC circuit theory. Electrostatics: dielectrics; the magnetic field; magnetic materials. Maxwell’s equations and their application to electromagnetic waves.
313 [113] Space and Time in Physics and Philosophy (3). Contingent and necessary properties of space and time. The direction and flow of time. Fatalism. Effects preceding their causes.
321 [160] Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (3). Prerequisites, MATH 383 and PHYS 301, or permission of the instructor. Origins of quantum theory. Uncertainty principle. Schroedinger equation for simple systems, including hydrogen atom. Perturbation theory. Spin. Identical particles.
331 [061] Introduction to Numerical Techniques in Physics (4). Prerequisite, PHYS 116 (or 105); corequisite, MATH 233. Applications of calculus, vector analysis, differential equations, complex numbers, and computer programming are made to realistic physical systems. Three lecture and two computational laboratory hours a week.
341 [105] Thermal Physics (3). Prerequisites, MATH 233 and PHYS 117 (or 105 by permission of the instructor). Equilibrium statistical mechanics; the laws of thermodynamics, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell’s equations.
351 [101] Electronics I (4). Prerequisites, MATH 231 and PHYS 104, or permission of the instructor. DC and AC circuit analysis, PN junctions and diodes, single-transistor circuits, transducers. Analog devices. Extensive circuit building with testing, trouble shooting, and debugging.
352 [102] Electronics II (4). Prerequisite, PHYS 351 or permission of the instructor. Introduction to digital circuits: gates, flip-flops, and counters. Computers and device interconnections, converters and data acquisition. Signal analysis and digital filters. Graphical (LabVIEW) programming and computer interfacing. Individual projects and practical applications.
393 [093] Senior Seminar (1–21). To be taken by seniors with permission of the departmental advisor.
395 [092] Research and Special Topics for Juniors and Seniors (1–12). To be taken by honors candidates and other qualified juniors and seniors.
405 Biological Physics (3). Prerequisites, PHYS 116 and 117. How diffusion, entropy, electrostatics, and hydrophobicity generate order and force in biology. Topics include DNA manipulation, intracellular transport, cell division, molecular motors, single molecule biophysics techniques, nerve impulses, neuroscience.
410 Teaching and Learning Physics (4). Prerequisite, PHYS 116, 117, or permission of the instructor. Learning how to teach physics using current research-based methods. Includes extensive fieldwork in high school and college environments. Meets part of the licensure requirements for North Carolina public school teaching.
415 [106] Optics (3). Prerequisites, PHYS 311 and 312 (or 211 by permission of the instructor). Elements of geometrical optics; Huygens’ principles, interference, diffraction, and polarization. Elements of the electromagnetic theory of light; Fresnel’s equations, dispersion, absorption, and scattering. Photons. Lasers and quantum optics.
422 [122] Physics of the Earth’s Interior (GEOL 422) (3). Prerequisites, MATH 383 and either PHYS 201 and 211, or 301 and 311. Origin of the solar system: the nebular hypothesis. Evolution of the Earth and its accretionary history. Earthquakes: plate tectonics and the interior of the Earth. The Earth’s magnetic field. Mantle convection.
424 [124] General Physics I (4). PHYS 104 equivalent, specifically for certification of high school teachers.
425 [125] General Physics II (4). PHYS 105 equivalent, specifically for certification of high school teachers.
471 [140] Physics of Solid State Electronic Devices (3). Prerequisite, PHYS 117. Pre- or corequisite, PHYS 211 or 311. Properties of crystal lattices, electrons in energy bands, behavior of majority and minority charge carriers, PN junctions related to the structure and function of semiconductor diodes, transistors, display devices.
472 [144] Chemistry and Physics of Electronic Materials Processing (APPL 472, CHEM 472, MTSC 472) (3). Prerequisites, CHEM 482 or PHYS 117 and permission of the instructor. A survey of materials processing and characterization used in fabricating microelectronic devices. Crystal growth, thin film deposition and etching, and microlithography.
481 [142L] Advanced Laboratory I (2). Prerequisite, PHYS 351 or 352 or permission of the instructor. Selected experiments illustrating modern techniques such as the use of laser technology to study the interaction of electromagnetic fields and matter. Six laboratory hours a week.
482 Advanced Laboratory II (2). Prerequisite, PHYS 481 or permission of the instructor. Independent laboratory research projects. Scientific writing and oral presentations, abstracts, and reports. Six laboratory hours per week.
491L [148L] Materials Laboratory I (APPL 491L) (2). Prerequisite, APPL 470 and PHYS 351. Structure determination and measurement of the optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of solids.
492L [492] Materials Laboratory II (APPL 492L) (2). Prerequisite, APPL 491L or PHYS 491L. Continuation of PHYS 491L with emphasis on low- and high-temperature behavior, the physical and chemical behavior of lattice imperfections and amorphous materials, and the nature of radiation damage.
521 [163] Applications of Quantum Mechanics (3). Prerequisite, PHYS 321. Emphasizes atomic physics but includes topics from nuclear, solid state, and particle physics, such as energy levels, the periodic system, selection rules, and fundamentals of spectroscopy.
543 [161] Nuclear Physics (3). Prerequisite, PHYS 321 or equivalent. Structure of nucleons and nuclei, nuclear models, forces and interactions, nuclear reactions.
545 [165] Introductory Elementary Particle Physics (3). Prerequisites, PHYS 312 and 321. Relativistic kinematics, symmetries and conservation laws, elementary particles and bound states, gauge theories, quantum electrodynamics, chromodynamics, electroweak unification, standard model and beyond.
573 [169] Introductory Solid State Physics (MTSC 573) (3). Prerequisite, PHYS 321 or equivalent. Crystal symmetry, types of crystalline solids; electron and mechanical waves in crystals, electrical and magnetic properties of solids, semiconductors; low temperature phenomena; imperfections in nearly perfect crystals.
595 [175] Nonlinear Dynamics (3). Prerequisite, MATH 383 or permission of the instructor. Interdisciplinary introduction to nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Fixed points, bifurcations, strange attractors, with applications to physics, biology, chemistry, finance.
631 [191] Mathematical Methods of Theoretical Physics I (3). Prerequisites, MATH 383 and PHYS 128 or equivalent. Vector fields, curvilinear coordinates, functions of complex variables, linear differential equations of second order, Fourier series, integral transforms, delta sequence.
632 [192] Mathematical Methods of Theoretical Physics II (3). Prerequisite, PHYS 631 or permission of the instructor. Partial differential equations, special functions, Green functions, variational methods, traveling waves, and scattering.
633 [193] Scientific Programming (3). Prerequisites, MATH 528 or 529 or PHYS 631 or 632; elementary Fortran, C, or Pascal programming. Structured programming in Fortran or Pascal; use of secondary storage and program packages; numerical methods for advanced problems, error propagation and computational efficiency; symbolic mathematics by computer.
660 [151] Fluid Dynamics (ENVR 452, GEOL 560, MASC 560) (3). Prerequisite, PHYS 301 or permission of the instructor. The physical properties of fluids, kinematics, governing equations, viscous incompressible flow, vorticity dynamics, boundary layers, irrotational incompressible flow.
671L [181L] Independent Laboratory I (3). Prerequisites, PHYS 301 and 312, or permission of the instructor. Six laboratory hours a week.
672L [182L] Independent Laboratory II (3). Prerequisites, PHYS 301 and 312, or permission of the instructor. Six laboratory hours a week.