Kings, Popes, and Crusades:

High Politics in the High Middle Ages

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William the Conqueror

Richard the Lionhearted Executes the The Saracens in the Holy Land, 2nd Crusade

Christian Crusaders Massacre

European Jews in Mainz, 1096

 

 

á     How did royal power expand and become more centralized in England and France after 1100?  Why were the Holy Roman Emperors of Germany unable to do the same?

á     How did papal power and political influence grow during the Middle Ages?

á     What motivated the Crusades?  What was their historical legacy?

 

Key Terms

1) Henry II and Thomas Beckett                                    6) Pope Urban II

2) Holy Roman Empire                                                  7) First Crusade

3) Gregory VII                                                               8) Albigensian Crusade

4) Lay Investiture and the Investiture Controversy 9) Fourth Crusade

5) Canossa

 

I.  The Rise of Centralized States

 

England

á     William the Conqueror (1066) and the Norman Kings

á     Henry I (1100-1135) and Henry II (1154-1189)

á     Counties, Sheriffs, and Common Law

á     Thomas Beckett:  One Meddlesome Monk

á     Constitutionalism and Centralization

 

France

á     Louis VI ÒThe FatÓ (1081-1137)

á     Phllip II (1180-1223)

á     Parlements

á     The Origins of Absolutism

 

Germany (Holy Roman Empire)

á     Otto the Great (912-973)

á     German Princes and Their Kingdoms (1380)

 

 

II. The Growth of Papal Power

 

á     The Decline of the Papacy, 900-1050

á     The Reforms of Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)

á     Secular Rulers, the Church, and Lay Investiture

á     Henry IV (1084-1106) and the Investiture Controversy

á     Canossa

á     Pope Innocent III:  Master of Europe

á     Frederick II, 1212-1250: Another Thwarted Emperor

 

 

III.  The Crusades and Western Identity

 

Rodney Starks, The Case for the Crusades

 

The Holy Land

á     Seljuk Turks

á     Pope Urban II and the First Crusade (1095)

á     The Kings Get Involved:  The 2nd (1147-49) and 3rd Crusades (1189-92)

Richard the Lionhearted, Frederick Barbarossa, Philip II

á     The 4th Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (1204)

 

Internal Infidels

á     The Slaughter and Expulsion of the Jews (1096-1200)

á     The Albigensian Crusade  (1209-1229)

o  BŽziers:  ÒKill them! For their God knows who they are."

 

Legacy

á     Opening Horizons

á     Christian Unity

á     State Power

á     Religious Others Abroad, Others at Home

á     Western Historical Consciousness and The Politics of History