slippage of terms
`ibadat: ritual and devotional practice, or the total life

system? nizam

Iranian student criticism of Ayatullah Khu'i:
"He's just a religious mulla; he doesn't talk about Islam."

Augustine: On True Religion
Grotius, On the Truth of the Christian Religion
"world religions"

Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion, pp. 200 ff.

categories of debate are dictated by Europeans

Islam (submission): perform 5 acts (5pillars), prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, alms, profession of faith -- component of social conformity

Iman (faith, belief): believe in God, angels, scriptures, judgment
Ihsan (virtue, ): pray to God as though you see him; and if you don't see him, know that he sees you
-- hadith (saying) of Muhammad,

Muslim (one who submits) -- social identity
Mu'min (one who believes) -- ideal
 

Ottoman concept of millat (religious community)