1. self-preservation: permitted food, no excessive fasting
2. preservation of mind - literacy, education, no drugs
3. preserving the species: marriage
4. preserving property - honor labor, prohibit unfair interest and excessive wealth
5. preserving belief: God as One, Muhammad, Qur'an, no superstition or idolatry including the elevation of country above God (nationalism)

why the critique of nationalism?

• competing loyalties
• creates diasporic constituency
• compare the resistance to colonialism: the state as successor to colonial authority

Sarekat Islam, led by Tjokroaminoto in Indonesia (1912, after Budi Utomo 1908, led to Sukarno PNI, nationalist party)
Sarekat Islam united with PKI in 1920's

AlAzhar University as a center of learning for diaspora Muslims

Islamic ideologies and socialism/communism:

• Nasser: secularized socialism replaces Islamic law
• protests against Clinton by Muslim League and Communist Party of India: protesting policy on Iraq, Western domination, neocolonialism, imperialism
• Arab socialism in the 70s (see Women, Islam, and the State by Deniz Kandiyoti)
• Iran: religion as ideology. Khomeinism by Abrahamian -- leftist tendencies (May Day etc.) using Islamic language
• Qur'anic Light Verse, phrase "an oil neither of the east nor the west" becomes -->  political independence from US and Russia
• "those who are made humble" (mustaz'ifin) --> "the oppressed"
• "modular" applications to different situations (Anderson)