| CLAIM |
fact |
Does X exist?
Does X lead to Y?
Do do you define Y? |
|
value |
Is X any good? (Decide based
on specific criteria.)
That movie was great!
Don't you just love chocolate
ice cream?
|
|
policy |
What action should we take?
What should we do next?
Should we elect
Jane Doe?
|
|
define your terms |
define any terms that readers
my interpret differently |
SUPPORT
(Evidence) |
facts & stats |
verifiable information using
the most recent expert outside sources |
|
opinion |
get expert opinions that
are based on solid evidence / facts |
|
example |
|
| REASONING |
logic (logos) |
generalization
conclusions drawn from several
examples
causation
X action leads to Y result (there
may be more than one cause to any result)
Eating too much junk food
will cause tooth decay.
sign
when two things always occur
together
Where's the fire?!
I see smoke!
analogy
a comparison based on two things
that are otherwise unrelated
but beware, this is the weakest
type of reasoning!
parallel case
a relationship between related
things (if it happened one way in one case, and the two cases are similar,
it will turn out the same in this case)
|
|
authority (ethos) |
you as expert
-
come across as honest and trustworthy
-
use a reasonable tone
-
use appropriate language
outside experts
-
get reliable sources
-
see great tips on p. 167
|
|
emotion (pathos) |
Go for the gut AFTER you
have used LOGIC and have established your CREDIBILITY
-
play to audiences' needs &
values
-
get the audience to agree and
act the way you want them to
|
| REBUTTALS |
the opposition
(see tips p. 170) |
refute
-
Show how the opposition is wrong,
but do it in a nice way & logically otherwise you will alienate your
readers.
concede
-
Give in to the opposition w.
dignity.
acknowledge |