1. First you have to learn it...

a. Seeing follows Looking; Hearing follows Listening..

• Tell me about a penny.
• What you "look for" is important too:  Levels of processing.
• Suggestion: Study how the ideas connect together!!
• Suggestion: Write Notes!!
• Suggestion: Distribute your practice.
• (Aside: Paul Shinkman will have some other suggestions...)

b. Occasionally you will remember without having to work at it.
          Flashbulb memories: JFK assassination, Challenger tragedy, 09/11/01

        a. Ebbinghaus studied lists of nonsense syllables and then forgot them.

        b. But Skinner's pigeons didn't forget.  Why?

        c. Jenkins and Dallenbach found that sleeping helps preserve knowledge.

3. What you remember depends on the test

        a.  Recall vs Recognition -- Is it the context?

        b.  Relearning (Savings) is best of all...
 

4. Do you "know" when you "know" something?

 a.  Sometimes:  e.g., Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon.

 b.  But, Dèjá Vu:  Maybe there's a part of your brain that goes "Yes, that's it..."
 

 a. You may remember what you THOUGHT happened.

 b. Your biases (schemas) influence your memories.

e.g. "Of course I signed the credit card slip..."
e.g. "Of course the Duke player fouled the UNC player."
e.g. President Reagan remembering his war experience... once upon a time.

  c. "Leading questions" can influence your memory.

Elizabeth Loftus' Misinformation Effect:

•     "Smashed" vs "Hit" produces a false memory of broken glass.
•     Loftus says this is "overwriting" the real memory.
•     Others say this is faulty "source monitoring" - and the initial memory may be okay.

 a. Freud stressed that we repress memories that are too anxiety provoking.
               This is not questioned here.
 b. But, are all "recovered" memories authentic?
               It is important to be cautious about this.
               Could the memory be "suggested?"
 c. The Cici segment from The TV program 20/20 (April, 1993).