A. learning theory

B. cognitive theory

C. reinforcement theory

D. behavior theory

E. none of the above

2. Defining an individual organism by its appearance, rather than its genetic constitution or hereditary potential:

A. phenotype

B. genotype

C. biological potential

D. psychobiological approach

E. none of the above

3. Which theory better accounts for behavioral differences among monozygotic twins?

A. learning theory

B. behavioral genetics

C. theory of zygoticity

D. theory of genotypes

4. Identical (but not fraternal) twins share a

A. genotype

B. phenotype

C. biosphere

D. A and C

E. all of the above

5. The proposal that hens start to lay eggs when their progesterone levels reach a critical value is an example of explanation by _____________ .

A. Intervening variables

B. Reductionism

C. Reification

D. Emergence

6. Which characteristics might offer an individual an adaptive advantage?

A. success in avoiding predators

B. success in attracting a mate

C. success in learning how to access a new food

D. both A and B

E. all of the above

7. Which is (are) characteristic of ethological approaches?

A. focus upon species-typical behavior across species

B. focus on individual differences within a species

C. intervenes and manipulates behavior in controlled situations

D. both a and b are true

E. all of the above are true

8. A particular behavior that in the presence of a sign releasing stimulus occurs in most all members of a species:

A. an innate releasing mechanism

B. a vacuum behavior

C. a fixed action pattern

D. an instinct

E. none of the above

9. Rats require thousands of training trials to learn to press a bar to avoid electric shock (and even then not all rats learn the task). By contrast, for many species, running in response to pain takes no training whatsoever. What theory addresses these different responses to pain?

A. species specific defense reactions (SSDRs)

B. evolutionary theory

C. Innate Releasing Mechanism

D. theory of instinct

E. none of the above

10. The features of an environment which enable one phenotype to have reproductive advantage over another:

A. natural selection

B. adaptation

C. selective pressure

D. mutation

E. none of the above

11. In explaining phenomena, we should resort to complex processes only if more simple explanations will not suffice. This proposal is known as

A. Morgan's Canon

B. Occam's wallet

C. the law of harmony

D. both a and c

E. all of the above

12. Innately organized behavior, including feeding, courting, reproduction, and other "survival" behaviors, are sometimes called ______ behaviors by ethologists

A. learned

B. consummatory

C. fundamental

D. all the above

E. none of the above

13. According to McLean's theory of reptilian brain:

A. reptiles have "old mammal brain" whereas rats have "new mammal brain"

B. rats have "old mammal brain" whereas humans have "new mammal brain"

C. only reptiles have reptilian brains

D. McLean did not propose a theory of reptilian brain

E. none of the above

14. A researcher compares the language capabilities of a trained chimpanzee with the language capabilities of a two-year-old child. More than likely, the investigator is:

A. a comparative psychologist

B. a neuroethologist

C. a psycholinguist

D. a classical ethologist

E. none of the above