The Peninsular Campaign
A Pathfinder
Jenny Emanuel
Introduction
The Peninsular
Campaign, or more modernly referred to as the Peninsula Campaign, was a Civil
War battle occuring in Virginia from March to August 1862. It occured as Union
general Geroge B. McClellan decided that a way for the Union to get at Richmond
would be to use a back door approach and attack from the east. Therefore,
on March 17, 1861, McClellan left Washington with Union troops, sailed southwards
down the Chesapeake Bay, until he reached the tip of the Virginia Peninsula
at Fortress Monroe. Then, throughout the month of April, McClellan marched
his troops up the Peninsula towards Richmond.
However, Confederate troops were dug in throughout the Peninsula. Although not expecting to see direct combat from their location, McClellan's men provided two battles--the Battles of Yorktown and Williamsburg. McClellan's troops, outnumbering the Confederates, headed by General John Magruder, eventually won both battles and moved onward toward Richmond.
McClellan's men arrived within fifteen miles of Richmond and met the Confederates at a series of battles known as the Seven Days (it lasted seven days). At first, it appeared that the Union would claim victory and take Richmond. However, Confederate General Robert E. Lee managed to break Union lines and attack from the rear. It was this maneuvering that kept the Union from taking Richmond early in the war.
The results of this battle are numerous. The mere fact that the Union troops came so close to Richmond gave the Confederacy a scare. It also made Lincoln offer respect to McClellan, whom which he was on shaky ground. The Peninsular Camapaign was also the first great battle showing General Lee's military genious, which would aid the Confederates throughout the Civil War.
Scope
The scope of this pathfinder deals with aspects of the Peninsular Campaign from McClellan's planning and departure from Wasthington, to the Seven Days battles on the outskirts of Richmond. Although more resources pertain to the Confederacy, the aim is to evenly depict both the North and the South. The pathfinder is aimed at those with an interest in the Civil War, allowing them to locate basic information on the Campaign. It is not aimed at the serious Civil War scholar interested in personal accounts and archived documents. All materials listed are available at the Walter Royal Davis Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; call numbers follow each item listed.
LC Subject Headings
The following subjects are a selection of those most relevant to the topic from the Library of Congress Subject Headings. These subjects include subjects specific to the Peninsular Campaign and broader subjects of the Civil War, aspects of which cover the Peninsular Campaign:
Peninsular Campaign,
1862.
Peninsular Campaign, 1862 -- Fiction.
Peninsular Campaign, 1862 -- Personal narratives.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Battlefields -- Guidebooks.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Battlefields -- Maps.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Bibliography.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Biography.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Biography -- Dictionaries.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Dictionaries.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Encyclopedias.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Manuscripts -- Catalogs.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Maps.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives --
Indexes.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Photography.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Sources -- Bibliography.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Sources -- Bibliography
-- Catalogs.
Browsing Areas
The following Library of Congress call numbers groupings are where you can find related materials to the Peninsular Campaign and the Civil War:
Peninsular Campaign:
E470 .M65, E473.5 - E473.6
Generals: E467
Guides: E641
General Civil War References: E468
Journals: E461
Texts
These are authoritative books that provide an overal assesment of the Peninsular Campaign:
Dubbs, Carol Kettenburg. Defend This Old Town: Williamsburg During the Civil War. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. [E473.63 .D83 2002]
This book profiles the city of Williamsburg during the entire Civil War, including the Battle of Williamsburg. It covers Confederate sentiments, the battle, and then Williamsburg occupied under Union troops. Book goes into great detail in depicting the battle, and profiles and often not thought of time period in its history.
Hastings, Earl C. and David S. A Pitiless Rain: The Battle of Williamsburg, 1862. Shippensburg, PA: White mane Publishing, 1997. [E473.63 .H37 1997]
Solely profiling the Battle of Williamsburg, this volume examines the battle from the Union invastion untili the end of the actual battle. Many illustrations, maps and photos help personify the battle. There are also appendices highlighting which units were engaged in battle and how to find the battle sites today.
Miller, William J. ed. The Peninsula Campaign of 1862. Campbell, CA: Savas Woodbury, 1997. [E473.6 .P46 1997]
Miller collects a seres of essays on different aspects of the Peninsular Campaign in this two volume book. Essays do not provide a history of the events of the Campaign, but rather identify an aspect and analyze it for the reader. Subjects covered include military strategy, analysis of memoirs, and information on generals.
Quarstein, John V. Hampton and Newport News in the Civil War: War Comes to the Peninsula. Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howeard, 1998. [F234 .H23 Q37 1998]
This local history shows how the Peninsular Campaign affected the modern day cities of Hampton and Newport News. These two cities, which are situated at the tip of the Peninsula. Although no major battles occured there, these cities played a key role in the Campaign, as described in this text.
Sears, Stephen W. To The Gates of Richmond: the Peninsula Campaign. New York: Mariner, 2001. [E473.6 .S43 2001]
The most well known and authoritarian source on the Peninsular Campaign history. This history focuses on the Seven Days Campaign around Richmond, though also provides detail on the prelude to the Seven Days, the Battles of Yorktown and Williamsburg. This source provides a plethora of maps and photos detailing the campaign, allowing readers to get a visual feeling of events surrounding the Campaign.
Wheeler, Richard. Sword Over Richmond. New York: Harper and Row, 1986. [E473.6 .W43 1986]
Wheeler takes various eyewitness accounts from different sources to compile a history of the Peninsular Campaign. Events covered include the entire campaign, and not simply the campaign around Richmond.
Dervishian, W.A., ed. White House on the Pamunkey and the Peninsula Campaign in Virginia, 1862. New Kent, VA: Pamunkey River Publishing, 1994. [E 473.6 .W47 1994]
This six volume set traces the Peninsular Campaign from its beginnings in Hampton Roads to the battles for Richmond. Special emphasis is placed on the area around New Kent County, located between Williamsburg and Richmond. The books themselves tell a first hand story of the Campaign through maps, journal entries, personal letters, and official government communication.
Guidebooks
These guidebooks offer a succinct profile of the Peninsular Campaign, as well as relating to modern locales and information for a visitor to the area:
Greene, A. Wilson and Gallagher, Gary W. National Geographic Guide to the Civil War National Battlefield Parks. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 1992. pp. 124-131. [E641 .G74 1992]
Focusing on the National Parks associated with the Seven Days and the Battle of Richomd, this guidebook gives information concerning the campaigns around Richmond. There is considerable attention paid to the background of the Seven Days, including McClellan's march down the Peninsula. Information is given on how to located and visit the Civil War National Parks around Richmond.
Gallagher, Gary W. The Richmond Campaign of 1862: the Peninsula and the Seven Days. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Focusing on the Seven Days battles outside Richmond, this volume also provides details of McClellan's march up the Peninsula. Gallagher is one of today's foremost Civil War historians, and his prose makes this book a very interesting and informative read.
Hicks, Roger W. and Schultz, Frances E. Battlefields of the Civil War. Topsfield, MA: Salem House. pp.58-76, 1989. [E641 .H53 1989]
Provides a succinct summary of the Peninsular Campaign and the Seven Days. A colorful, detailed map depicts the area and shows troop movements and specific battles. There is some coverage of individual battles within the campaign, as well as extensive background information , the terrain of the region, and a profile of the aftermath of the the campaign.
Kennedy, Frances H. ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. pp. 88-104. [E 641 .C58 1998]
This guidebook extensively covers all battles of the Civil War. Included in the Peninsular Campaign are the major battles and minor skirmishes, listing what happened durning each, where they were located, and how many casualties were reported. There is also a detailed colored map of the campaign as well as modern directions for locating each site.
Miles, Jim. Forged in Fire: A History and Tour Guide of the War in the East, from Manassas to Antietam, 1861-1862. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2000. [E470.2 .M55 2000]
This source is an excellent source for all early battles of the Civil War, but also has excellent coverage of the Peninsular Campaign by itself, as well as a separate chapter devoted to the Seven Days. For both, a narrative of the Campaigns are provided, as well as interesting trivia-type information. At the end of each section is a lengthy part in which the modern places of mentioned sites are described and provided directions for. This guidebook is excellent for the thorough Civil War traveller.
These biographies and memiors highlight the lives of prominant generals, both Union and Confederate, during the Peninsular Campaign. These volumes all have in depth examination of the Campaign from the profile of the respective general.
Casdorph, Paul D. Prince John Magruder: His Life and Campaigns. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1996. [E467.1 .M36 C37 1996]
John Magruder a Confederate general, was often known as "Prince" due to his aristocratic personality. Magruder was the primary Confederate general in charge of defending the Peninsula as McClellan set sail. This biography details the Confederate side of the campaign through the march up the Peninsula and the Seven Days.
Davis, Burke. JEB Stuart: The Last Cavalier. New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc, 1957. [E467.1 .S9 D3]
JEB Stuart, who helped surround McClellan's troops outside of Richmond, was a key player in defending Richmond from Union forces. This books highlights the military maneuvers necessary for the Confederate defense and Stuart's retreat from the Peninsula towards Richmond in reaction to McClellan's moves.
Long , A. L. Memiors of Robert E. Lee: His Military and Personal History. Secaucus, NJ: The Blue and Grey Press, 1983. pp. 145-181. [E467.1 .L4 L9 1983]
The memiors of Robert E. Lee, as written by A. L. Long. This volume extensively details Lee's entire life, during and away from the Civil War. There are individual chapters for The Peninsular Campaign and the Seven Days, detailing events that occured during the campaign, both militarily and personally.
Newton, Steven H. Joseph E. Johnston and the Defense of Richmond. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1998. [E467.1 .J74 N49 1998]
Joseph E. Johnston was the commander of the (Confederate) Army of Northern Virginia. This book chronicles the Army's move to the Peninsula, the campaign to save the Peninsula, and the defense of Richmond. Focusing solely on one aspect of the war, this volume grants an in depth profile of the Peninsular Campaign from the side of the Confederacy.
Sears, Stephen W. George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988. [E467.1 .M2 S43 1988]
A biography of George McClellan, this volume heralds McClellan as a controversial military genious. The Peninsular Campaign, as McClellan's major campaign and mistake, is covered extensively through several chapters, providing military background, and events surrounding his march up the Peninsula and battles around Richmond.
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
These dictionaries and encyclopedias contain useful entries providing an overview of the Peninsular Campaign:
Current, Richard N. ed. Encyclopedia of the Confederacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. [Ref. E487 .E55 1993]
This two volume encyclopedia has a definite Confederate bias, which proves to be an interesting viewpoint of the Civil War. There are three pages devoted to the Peninsular Campaign, as well as entries for the Seven Days, Williamsburg, and Yorktown. A simple map illustrates the Peninsular Campaign and there is a general index as well as a section with important documents of the Confederacy.
Heidler, David Stephen and Jeanne T. eds. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: a Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000)
This very extensive encyclopedia of the Civil War is in in five volumes. Its very detailed entries are easy to read and there are many black and white photos, graphics, and maps.
Jones, Terry L. Historical Dictionary of the Civil War. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002. [Ref. E468 .J777 2002]
A general dictionary of the Civil War, this source provides brief entries about people, society, government, battles, and other relevant topics. Short entries provide simple overviews on the Peninsular Campaign, the Seven Days, and the Battles of Williamsburg and Yorktown, including exact days in which they ocurred. A special feature is that this dictionary provides multiple cross references in bold print throughout each entry.
Atlases
The following provide maps of the Peninsular Campaign and battle maps for the Seven Days:
Symonds, Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the Civil War. Baltimore: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1985. pp. 27-38. [G1201 .S5 S9 1993]
This atlas has brief information on the Campaign overall, and then details individual battles through text and maps. Battle maps are very detailed and show exactly where troop movements and skirmishes took place.
Woodhead, Henry, ed. Illustrated Atlas of the Civil War. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1991. pp.44-55. [G1201 .S5 I4 1991]
A chapter on the Peninsular Campaign provides a brief overview over the Campaign, complete with photos, colorful illustrations, and elaborate maps. There is a map profiling toop movement in the entire Peninsula area, as well as detail maps showing details and troop stations during individual battles.
Journals
These are journals that have had articles pertaining to the Peninsular Campaign:
Civil War History [E 461 .C5]
Rowland, Thomas J. "'Heaven Save a Country Governed by Such Counsels!' The Safety of Washington and the Peninsula Campaign". Civil War History 1996 42(1): 5-17.
Civil War Times Illustrated [E461 .C562]
Bryan, Charles F. Jr. "The Seige of Yorktown". Civil War Times Illustrated 1982 21(4): 8-15, (5) 18-25, 30-32.
Grimsley, Mark. "Prince John Magruder". Civil War Times Illustrated 1982 21(5): 14-17, 33-35.
Thomas, Emory M. "Peninsular Campaign, Pts I-V". Civil War Times Illustrated 1979 17(10): 4-11, 40-45, 18(1): 28-35, (2): 12-18, (3): 10-17, (4): 14-24.
North and South
This is the official journal of the Civil War Society, and has only been published since 1998. Although no articles have been published on the Peninsular Campaign, this is a promising journal edited by outstanding Civil War scholars. In the future, there may be articles referring to the Peninsular Campaign.
Virginia Calvacade [F221 .V74]
Hastings, Earl C. and David S. "Encounter in the Rain: The Battle of Williamsburg, 1862". Virginia Calvacade Winter 1973 (22): 20-27.
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography [F221 .V91]
Dean, Eric T. Jr. "We Live Under a Government of Men and Morning Newspapers". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1995 103(1): 5-28.
Hydrick, Blair D. A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of Civil War Unit Histories: Regimental Histories and Personal Narratives. Bethesda, MD: University Publications of American. [E487 .H93 1992]
This guide, in three volumes, is an index microfiche information pertaining to regiments and personal narratives during the entire Civil War. Indexed by regiment location, author, regiment name, and battles fought, this source makes it easy to find which regiments fought in the Seven Days and the Battle of Williamsburg. This information allows a user to find specific information on soldiers and regiments that fought in the Peninsular Campaign. The index and corresponding microfiche are split into three volumes based on geographical area.
Online Resources
These websites offer information on various aspects of the Peninsular Campaign:
The American Civil War Overview: Chapter IV - The Eastern Theater The Peninsula Campaign
This page, an excerpt from computer software, provides a brief overview of the Campaign. If only a brief narrative is necessary, this is an excellent source for simple information on the Peninsular Campaign.
This online guide shows the Civil War tourist the modern sites that parallel they key locations of the Peninsular Campaign. There are brief descriptions for all locations, as well as museum links and a printable map of the modern area.
These fifty-two photographs are archived by the Library of Congress and placed online as part of the American Memory Project. These images allow viewers to see scenes from the Peninsular Campaign, including camps, scenery, and regimens.
This site, produced by the Virginia War Museum, profiles different aspects of the Peninsular Campaign, including generals, battles, earthworks, and technology. There is also an itinerary to travel to the modern sites of the Campaign, as well as special events, and links to attractions associated with the Campaign.
Providing a brief overview of the battles included in the Seven Days, this site offers a brief overview to the battles that ended the Campaign. There are descriptions of the battles and necessary maneuvers as well as Union and Confederate eyewitness reports.
This timeline provides a brief overview of Peninsular Campaign events. It begins with McClellan's departure from Northern Virginia and ends with his withdrawal from the area.