These questions provide a guide to help you prepare for the third exam. They should offer a nice supplement to your use of class notes and assigned readings in studying for the exam. Remember, many of the questions on your exam will be applied in nature. Thinking up as many examples as you can as you work through these questions and your notes will help you prepare for these kinds of questions. Good luck with your studying.

Motivation and emotion

How are motivation and emotion related? Describe the instinct, drive, arousal, and expectancy theories of emotion. What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law? Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. What are the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation? Why do individuals "self-handicap"? Describe the 3 major components of emotions. What explanation did Darwin give for why the experience and expression of emotions is universal? Explain the facial feedback hypothesis using a relevant example. Differentiate between the following theories of emotion: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter & Singer 2 factor, the ABC cognitive perspective. Provide an example to illustrate each theory. How might evolutionary psychology explain differences in mating behaviors between men and women? According to evolutionary theory, what do men and women look for in a partner?

Sample Question: Rita, an Olympic skater, was not "up" enough for her competition, so she did a series of sprints up and down the halls before she went on the ice. This behavior would be best explained by which theory of motivation? A) Instinct theory B) Drive Theory C) Arousal Theory D) Evolutionary Theory E) Activation Theory

Intelligence and intelligence testing

Describe how intelligence is defined by the following theories: Spearman's "g", Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Cattell's fluid and crystallized intelligences, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory. Provide examples of crystallized and fluid intelligence, each of Gardner's multiple intelligences, and each of Sternberg's intelligences. Define reliability (including split half and test retest) and validity (including content, criterion, predictive, and concurrent). Provide examples of each. Can a test be reliable but not valid? Explain. Can a test be valid but not reliable? Explain. For what were the first IQ tests used? How were IQ scores originally derived? What was the military's role in the development of IQ tests? What is an average IQ score? What are the two broad types of cognitive functioning measured by the Wechsler scales? Why might a Full Scale IQ score not be particularly useful? Describe the various hypotheses explaining documented differences in IQ tests scores across ethnic groups. What are the research findings related to each of these hypotheses? What is factor analysis?

Sample Question: Dr. Dodatos has designed a new intelligence test for children. He gives the new test as well as the age appropriate version of the Wechsler scales to 200 children, and compares individuals' scores on each test. Dodatos appears to be assessing his new instrument for what kind of validity? A) reliable B) contextual C) criterion D) content E) fluid

Personality

Why/how do people use personality as a concept? What are traits? Describe the big five. What is the utility of the trait perspective? What is the major critique of the trait perspective? How did Freud's work with patients with paralysis lead to his personality theory? Differentiate between conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Describe the id, ego, and superego. What is the role of the ego in a healthy personality? What are defense mechanisms? Provide examples of defense mechanisms discussed in class and on your handout. Differentiate between defense mechanisms and problem solving. Define eros, libido, and fixation in the context of Freud's theory of psychosexual development. Describe Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development. According to Freud, what might the personality of an individual fixated in one of the first 3 of these stages look like? Describe self-actualization, and unconditional and conditional positive regard. What is the role of defense mechanisms with respect to helping us deal with the difference between our actual and ideal self? Describe Maslow's theory (in your book). Describe the 2 general methods of personality testing. What is empirical criterion keying? Why might you use a projective test as well as an objective test when assessing a patient to find out about his/her personality? Briefly describe the nature and purpose of the MMPI, Rorschach, and TAT tests.

Sample Question: Channeling one's aggressive impulses into a strong desire to become a surgeon would be described by Freud as an example of which of the following defense mechanisms? A) reaction formation B) projection C) displacement D) intellectualization E) sublimation

Health, Stress, and Coping

What issues are health psychologists interested in? Differentiate between life events/changes and hassles. Provide examples of each. Describe Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome. What does research tell us about the impact of hassles and life changes? Stress may lead us to experience more physical and psychological difficulties. Describe an alternative explanation of the relationship between stress and physical/mental health difficulties. Describe the various types of psychological moderators of stress discussed in class. What is the focus of resiliency research? Distinguish between emotion focused and problem focused coping. What are the three major categories of stress management? Provide an example of a stress managament intervention for each category.

Sample Question: When Dante feels stressed and unhappy, he likes it when his friends try and help him deal with his difficulties by showing direct empathy and understanding for his situation. According to information presented in class, what kind of social support does Dante appear to prefer? A) emotional B) instrumental C) informational D) problem solving E) sensitive responding