Papers

El sistema político en España

        Juan Carlos I, rey de España, volvió el país a la democracia después de la dictadura de general Francisco Franco. El favoreció un reforma democrática y instituyó un gobierno parlamentario basado en una nueva constitución. El tipo de gobierno en España es una monarquía parlamentaria. La monarquía es hereditaria. El monarca nomina y elige al presidente para la Asamblea Nacional. Tienen elecciones cada cuatro años. En 1978, se aprobó una nueva constitución, la cual refleja la diversidad de España al designarla como un Estado Autonomía. Hay diecisiete regiones en España, cada una con su propio gobierno regional.
         El gobierno se divide en tres ramas, ejecútivo, legislativo, y judicial. La rama ejecútiva incluye a rey Juan Carlos, el Jefe Medios Galopes, Jose Maria Aznar del gobierno, el Primer Vice Presidente Alvares Cascos Fernandes, y el Segundo Vice Presidente Rodrigo Rato Figaredo del estado. También hay un gabinete, o el Miembros de Consejo que son nombrados señalado por el presidente. También, hay un Consejo del Estado que es la parte de las Consultiva Suprema del gobierno español. Hay también una rama legislativa llamada Las Cortes Generales que consiste del Senado y el Congreso de Diputados. El Congreso de Diputados tienen trescientos cincuenta miembros. El Senado tienes doscientos ocho miembros. Tienen elecciones para estas oficinas cada cuatro años. La rama judicial es el Tribunal Supremo que realiza los leyes.
         Este sistema de tres ramas es muy similar al sistema que tenemos en los Estados Unidos. En España, hay muchos partidos políticos que luchan para una variedad de diversas causas. Los partidos políticos poderoso estan a Socialista partidos y a Conservador Pueblos Partidos. El sistema político en España es muy similar al sistema que tenemos in los Estados Unidos hoy.

Recursos

"Spain." The Europa World Year Book. Volume II. Europa Publication Limited 2000, England. Copyright June 2000. "España." Mundo 21. D.C. Health Company. Copyright 1995. www.emalateme.com/content/Spain/ http://encarta.msn.com/index/ www.theodora.com/flags/new/Spain/

The Socializing Influence of Magazines on Adolescent Girls

       Media products are powerful agents that provide a socializing influence for their audiences. Magazines are specific media products that send messages to young adolescent girls who are socialized and affected by these messages. Magazines often target young adolescent girls and perform a socializing influence by successfully persuading them to dress a certain way, buy specific popular brands of clothing and accessories, and suggesting that beauty is achieved through make-up, hair color, and other beauty products. Socialization is defined as "the process whereby we learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of our culture and, in so doing, develop a sense of self" (Croteau, Hoynes, 14). Magazines often target young girls, both teenagers and preteens, in both editorial copy and advertisements and perform a socializing influence by guiding young girls and offering advice about how females should look, act, and live. Media products affect how we learn about and interact with the world around us. The media often shape how we perform our roles in society such as daughter, teacher, citizen, friend, or parent. The media directs also our attention towards specific issues in a process called agenda setting. Through agenda setting, the media "tell us what to think about," (Potter, 280). Popular magazines designed for teenage girls set the agenda for these impressionable teenagers. This agenda involves social issues of appearance, beauty, and fashion trends. The items presented in the magazine assume that girls are only interested in beauty, clothes, make-up and boys. This is extremely stereotypical. When young girls are exposed to the advertisements that permeate popular magazines, they begin to "place more importance on beauty-related characteristics in their real-life personal roles," (Potter, 286). They also begin to perceive their own bodies as inadequate when compared to the unusually skinny body type of most fashion models.
Popular magazines directed at teenage girls perform a socializing influence by persuading them to dress a certain way through the use of advertisements and editorials about popular clothing trends. Advertisements for popular clothing lines appear throughout magazines picturing young, beautiful, and skinny models that look both perfect and happy. The majority of the trendy clothes that are portrayed in magazines, although some appear to be comfortable, are sexy and revealing. Young girls are socialized by advertisements because they want look like the models and feel pressure to dress in sexy and revealing styles. Adolescents are usually very self-conscience about their changing bodies and can be easily influenced by messages about their bodies. Teenage girls often desire to be skinny and pretty and admire fashion models because of their appearance and style. Using fashion models, magazines send the message to young girls that the pictured body type is both attainable and desirable. This causes adolescent girls to feel the need to mirror this image and therefore, provides a socializing influence.
One specific magazine, ELLE girl, has an entire section devoted to shopping entitled "A Style Survival Guide For Material Girls." The section pictures clothing and jewelry that is both unique and trendy and appears to praise individuality and crazy styles. The title implies that girls are often material and fake. The section provides "do and don't" examples of what is socially acceptable for girls to wear in our society today. The editorial paragraphs reveal the reasons that these particular styles are popular or unpopular and provide information on how to obtain these clothes and how much they cost. This section socializes young adolescent girls by providing advice on what to wear. It pressures them to dress according to what's in style and also encourages uniqueness and individuality. There are also many advertisements for jewelry, shoes, and jackets that socialize girls by providing examples of current trends using pretty, skinny, and happy models.
In an article in the magazine Shopping Center World, the author discusses a research project that was conducted by Seventeen Magazine on the shopping habits of teenage girls. The number one response to the question of what influenced their choices when buying clothing was magazines and websites aimed at young people. The teenagers that were interviewed said that magazines had the best fashion advice and examples and provided a great deal of influence on their clothing style choices (Shopping Center World, 1).
Popular teenage magazines socialize young girls by influencing them, through the use of advertisements and editorials, to wear make-up in order to look glamorous and pretty. Advertisements for a variety of different kinds of make-up appear throughout the magazine, ELLE girl. The advertisements picture close-up shots of models with flawless skin, gorgeous eyes, and perfectly shaped faces. Make-up brands such as Lancôme mascara, Neutrogena lipstick, Clinique eye shadow, and Cover Girl eyeliner all advertise their products and emphasize the importance of beauty. These advertisements for make-up products socialize young girls because it encourages them to wear all kinds of make-up. The advertisements cause those who do not wear make up feel as though they are not feminine or beautiful. Because of this socialization, girls learn at a very young age that make-up is essential to a woman's daily routine. They develop a lifestyle that begins each day with the application of make-up products. Because this magazine is targeted towards young girls, pre-teenagers, and teenagers, it suggests that make-up is appropriate and necessary, even at a very young age. This magazine provides a tremendous socializing influence on adolescent girls. Because of this influence, adolescent females begin to feel inadequate and ugly without make-up on and routinely purchase and apply make-up to improve their looks.
Advertisements about hair color that appear in ELLE girl socialize young girls and emphasize the idea that fake hair color is more attractive and stylish than natural hair color. An advertisement for Loréal suggests that this "natural" looking hair color provides freedom, excitement, and a beautiful change for its users. The four models that are pictured have perfect hair, faces, and bodies and are all smiling and having a good time, presumably because of their new hair color.
One editorial page pictures normal girls with new haircuts that imitate real famous fashion models. The girls and models are pictured next to each other and the copy gives the reader an explanation of how to achieve similar a similar cut or hairstyle. This is a direct example of socialization because the girls, potentially readers, have imitated real models. These advertisements and editorials socialize adolescent girls because it suggests that natural hair color and style is boring and dull and that in order to achieve beauty and popularity, girls must use many products to improve their hair color, texture, and style.
Popular magazines targeting teenage girls perform a socializing influence for young adolescent girls by guiding and advising them on clothing styles, make-up, popular trends, and hair color. Because adolescents are easily influenced by advertisements and editorials, magazines socialize them and provide examples of how young girls are supposed to look and act. This influence determines the type of lifestyle that girls lead and pressures them into achieving a certain popular look (Willemsen, 4). Magazines targeting toward adolescent females perform a socializing influence by teaching young girls what is proper and popular in our culture today and helping them to fully develop their personality characteristics, physical appearance and sense of style.

Works Cited

Croteau, David, and William Hoynes. Media/Society Industries, Images, Audiences. London: Pine Forge Press, 1972.

Holley, Brandon. ELLE Girl. Fall 2001.

Potter, James. Media Literacy. Sage Publications, Inc., 2001.

Shopping Center World. "Teen Talk." Intertec Publishing Corporation, 2000. Lexis-Nexus. Online Accessed September 21, 2001.

Willemsen, Tineke. "Widening the gender gap: teenage magazines for girls and boys." Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. May 1998. Online. Google search results for "socialization and teenage." Accessed September 24, 2001.

 

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