By Jeanne A. Batalova and Philip N. Cohen. We analyze survey data from 22 countries to examine the effect of premarital cohabitation on the division of household labor at both the micro- and macro levels. Our findings suggest that first-hand experience with premarital cohabitation leads to a more equal division of housework among married couples, compared with couples that married directly, when couple-level variables are controlled. However, there are substantial country-level effects, even controlling for couple-level variables. We argue that the trend toward increasing cohabitation may be considered part of a broader trend toward a more egalitarian division of housework, as both couples that cohabited before marriage and those that did not have a more egalitarian division of labor in countries with higher cohabitation rates, other variables being equal. However, cohabitation does not produce the same effect across all national contexts. The influence of cohabitation on the domestic gender division of housework labor is positive only in the countries with higher levels of women’s empowerment.