Cohen, Philip N. 1998. "Replacing Housework in the Service Economy: Gender, Class, and Race-Ethnicity in Service Spending." Gender & Society 12(2):219-231.

Data from the 1993 Consumer Expenditure Survey reveal that spending on housekeeping services & meals out - which helps relieve women's housework burden - is affected by dynamics within marriages as well as by family class & ethnicity. Other things equal, families in which women have more relative power, as reflected in their income & occupational status, consume more housekeeping services & spend more of their food dollars on meals out, as do wealthier & white families. Along with housework, results suggest that housework service consumption is also an arena for gendered negotiation & conflict within families & one way that gender relations vary by class & ethnicity. 3 Tables, 29 References.