Aggression

I.  Hostile vs. instrumental aggression: difference is the motive

        hostile: aggression for which harm to another is the primary goal
        instrumental: aggression in which the harm to another serves another goal.
 

II. How does aggression arise?

    A. Frustration: blocking of goal-directed behavior
        Three conditions that heighten frustration and may make aggression more likely:

        1. frustration when one is close to the goal
        2. unexpected frustration
        3. making an internal attribution for the actions of the one who frustrates you.

    B. Berkowitz's revision to the frustration-aggression hypothesis

        1. frustration is one type of negative affect
        2. negative affect inspires a tendency to aggress
        3. action of aggression is controlled by higher cognitive processes (e.g., weighing of costs and benefits)

    C. Modeling aggression from the media

        1. Bandura's bobo doll studies
        2. "Untouchables" vs. sports events study
        3. Longitudinal study of children who watch violent TV
 

III. Regional differences in Aggression: which region is more aggressive, North or South?

    A. Differences in attitudes:
            1. self-protection:  to defend house - 36%/18%
                                        to defend family - 80%/67%

            2. response to insults:    insults girlfriend - 12%/6%
                                                if you don't, less of a man - 19%/12%

            3. socialization:     spanking children - 49%/31%
                                        expected retaliation from child - 39%/25%

    B. Experiment testing sensitivity to insults

    C. Differences in argument-related homocides