II.    Section 102(a) Categories (Cont'd)

        E.    Pictorial, graphic & sculptural works

                1.    Works of fine art

                2.    Three-dimensional works

                3.    Maps

                4.    Masquerade Novelty, Inc. v. Unique Indus., Inc., 912 F.2d 663 (3d Cir. 1990)

        F.    Motion pictures & other audiovisual works

        G.    Sound recordings

        H.    Architectural works
 

III.    Particular Types of Works and Exclusive Rights

        A.    Designs

        B.    Compilations

                 1.    Originality

                 2.    Feist, p. 581

                 3.    Key Publications v. Chinatown Today Publ. Enters., note 3, p,. 596

                 4.    CCC Info. Services v. Maclean Hunter Market Repts, Inc., p. 580

                 5.    Kregos v. Associated Press, 937 F.2d 700 (2d Cir. 1991)

                 6.    CDN, Inc. v. Kapes, 59 P.T.C.J. 354 (9th Cir. 1999)

                 7.    Southco Inc. v. Kanebridge, 59 P.T.C.J. 527 (E.D. Pa. 2000)

                 8.    Database legislation -- H.R. 354 and 1858

        C.    Derivative works

                1.    HYPO:

                        X prepares new arrangement of public domain work
                        Y performs & records X's arrangement

                        Has Y infringed?

                        Y uses original, not X's arrangement

                2.    HYPO:

                        1890 copyrighted masterpiece painting by Smith
                        1902 transfers copyright to Jones
                        1957 watercolor reproduction on Bulletin

IV. Infringement

A.     Infringement = violation of one of 6 exclusive rights

B.     To prove infringement, must first prove ownership

1.     Aspects of ownership

a.     Originality

b.     Copyrightability of subject matter

c.     Compliance with statutory formalities

2.     Registration certificate = prima facie evidence of ownership

a.     Chain of title

b.     "Poor person’s" copyright

C.     Then prove unauthorized copying

1.     What is a copy?

2.     Direct evidence

3.     If no direct evidence, prove access and substantial similarity

4.     Access = Availability or proximity of P’s work to D

a.     Direct viewing

b.     Reasonable opportunity to copy

5.     Substantial similarity

a.     How much?

b.     Three types of similarity

1.     Virtual identity

2.     Striking similarity

3.     Similarities that lie beneath the surface of the two work’s expression

c.     Tests

1.     Amount of dissimilar material

2.     Common errors

3.     Ordinary observer

6.     Improper appropriation

a.     Prove D’s work appropriated protected expression

b.     Audiences will perceive substantial similarities

7. Other tests for substantial similarities

a.     Total concept and feel

b.     Extrinsic/Intrinsic tests -- see Sid & Marty Krofft Television Prods v.
        McDonald's Corp., cited p. 770

1. Extrinsic = specific criteria that can be analyzed

2. Intrinsic = response of ordinary person

D.     Independent creation

E.    Compilations as infringing works

      HYPO:

        A compiles Success:  The UNC Law Graduate, 1912-1990 -- contains errors
        B prepares new work in 2000 Directory of UNC Graduates, 1912-2000

F.     Music infringement

1.     What is original in music?

a.     Rhythm

b.     Melody

c.     Harmony  -- see Strayhorn v. Ellington, 838 F. Supp. 162 (S.D.N.Y. 1994)

2.     Constraints in music

a.     Marks v. Leo Feist, Inc., 290 F. 959 (2d Cir. 1923)

b.     Musical ideas

3.     HYPO:

        X writes "Bingo Love"
        Y later writes "Long Nights without You" with identical melody

        X's is in major key, Y's same song in minor key
        X's is a march, Y's is a blues tune

4.    Use of striking similarity to infer access

           SIMILARITY
 

TYPE	GOES TO
Striking	Access
Substantial	Copying

5.     Miscellaneous music tests

a.    Demand

b.    Derivation

6.    Music infringement cases

                a.    Abkco v. Harrisongs Music Ltd., 772 F.2d 988 (2d Cir. 1983)

http://www.benedict.com/audio/harrison/harrison.htm

                    c.    Sampling cases

                            1.    Grand Upright Music Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records, 780 F. Supp.
                                   182 (S.D.N.Y. 1992)

                                    http://www.benedict.com/audio/biz/biz.htm

          G.    Dramatic & literary works

                1.    Appropriation of story lines

                2.    HYPO:

                        X writes book about the Gulf War
                        Y writes play agout same events

                3.    What features are compared?