IV.     Infringement - Cont'd

  H.    Computer programs

          1.    Judging infringement

           2.    Substantial similarity
 

            a.     Who is the ordinary observer?

            b.     Literal vs. non-literal structure

 
            1.     What is program structure?

            2.     Whelan, cited p. 666

            3.     Computer Associates v. Altai, p. 649

                    a.     Abstraction
 

 
             b.     Filtration

             c.     Golden nugget
 

I.     Miscellaneous infringement cases

        1.    HYPO:
 

X produces original oil paintings

Y produces posters from paintings, licensed by X

 Z buys posters, transfers ink to canvas + has artists apply paint

Has Z infringed?

See Peker v. Masters Collection, 96 F. Supp.2d 216 (E.D.N.Y. 2000).
 

2.    Linking
 
a.      Intellectual Reserve v Utah Lighthouse Ministry Inc.,  75 F. Supp.2d 1290 (D. Utah 1999)

b.     Deep linking

        1.    Ticketmaster v. Microsoft settlement

        2.    Ticketmaster v. Tickets.com, 54 U.S.P.Q.2d 1344 (C.D. Cal. 2000) & 2000 U.S. Dist. 
                LEXIS 12987 (2000)
 

    3.     Anti-circumvention - §1201, et seq.

             a.    Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.,  77 F. Supp.2d 1116 (C.D. Cal. 1999)

             b.     Universal City Studios v. Reimerdes, 82 F. Supp.2d 211 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)

              c.     RealNetworks v. Streambox, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1889 (W.D. Wash. 2000)

 A.     Section 107

    1.     Background

    2.     Four fair use factors

   a.     Purpose & character of use

    b.     Nature of copyrighted work

    c.     Amount and substantiality used

    d.     Market effect
 

 B.    Reproduction right

        1.    Sony, p. 668

        2.    Related issue:  Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

        3.    Photocopying -- Texaco, p. 676

4.    MP3 technology & Napster

        a.        RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc.,  180 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999)

        b.        UMG Recordings v. MP3.Com, 92 F. Supp.2d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)

        c.        A & M Records v. Napster, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11862 (N.D. Cal. 2000)