COPYRIGHT OUTLINE # 12

October 30-November 1, 2000

IV.     Fair Use (Cont'd)

C.    Biography & unpublished works

        1.    HYPO:

                X writes biography of Wayne Newton
                Y copies some material

                Y's biography in popular style

                X uses photos from concert
                Y uses same photos

        2.    Harper & Row, p. 703

        3.    Unpublished works

                a.    Salinger, p. 719

                b.    New Era, p. 719

                c.    Wright v. Warner Books, 953 F.2d 731 (2d Cir. 1991)

C.     Parody

1.     Carol Burnett parody -- Sunset Boulevard
a.     Relevant factors a court would consider
1.     Unlawful appropriation

2.     How much is used - "Conjure up" test

3.     Market effect

4.     Public interest

b.     History of parody
2.     Form of comment or criticism

3.    First Amendment concern

4.     Parody v. satire

5.     Cases

         a.    MGM & MacMillan Co. v. Showcase Atlanta Productions,  479 F. Supp. 351 (N.D. Ga. 1979)

         b.     Acuff-Rose, p. 458

         c.     Art parody  -- Rodin or Barry Flannagan (at the National Gallery Sculpture Garden)
 

d.    Dr. Seuss Enterprises LP v. Penguin Books, 924 F. Supp. 1559 (S.D. Cal. 1996), aff'd 101 
        F.3d 1394 (9th Circ. 1997)

e.   Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 137 F.3d 109 (2d Cir. 1998)
 

V.    Other exemptions
A.    Other reproduction right exemptions
 1.     Mechanical license

 2.    Ephemeral recordings

 3.    Cases

        a.    News clippings

                1.    Pacific & Southern, p. 741

                2.    Los Angeles News Service v. Tullo, 973 F.2d 791 (9th Cir. 1992)

                3.    Los Angeles Times v. Free Republic, 59 P.T.C.J. 150 (C.D. Cal. 1999)

        b.    Software

                a.    Sony Computer Entertainment v. Connectix Corp., 59 P.T.C.J. 570 (9th Cir. 2000)

                b.    Section 117:  software coying for use + back up

B.    Educational copying

        1.    Marcus v. Rowley, p. 766

        2.    Classroom guideline, p. 763

        3.    Coursepack copying

         C.     Library issues - § 108
         D.        Performance rights exemptions

                    1.    Classroom exemption - § 110(1)

                    2.    Distance learning - § 110(2)
 
                    3.    Religious services - § 110(3)

                    4.    Nonprofit performances - § 110(4)

                    5.    Agricultural fairs - § 110(6)

                    6.    Secondary transmissions

                            a.    Hotel guest rooms - § 111

                            b.    Small commercial establishments - § 110(5)

                                HYPO:

                                Joe's bar & grill -- watching football games

                                Admission fee

          E.    Compulsory licenses - Copyright Royalty Tribunal

                    1.    Mechanical fees (records)

                    2.    Juke boxes (now by voluntary agreement)
 
                    3.    Cable television
 
                    4.    Public television

                    5.    Satellite retransmission

            F.    Peformance & display right cases

                   1.    Columbia Pictures Indus. v. Professional Real Estate Investors, cited p. 612

                    2.    On Command Video Corp. v. Columbia Pictures Indus., 777 F. Supp. 787 (N.D. Cal. 1991)

                    3.    Columbia Pictures Indeus. v.  Redd Horne Inc., 749 F. Supp. 154 (3d Cir. 1983)

                    4.    Ringgold, p. 749  - Similar cases

                    5.     Institutions

                            a.     Prisons - Diagnostic Unit Inmate Council v. Motion  Picture Association of America Inc.,
                                   953 F.2d 376 (8th Cir. 1992)

                            b.     Nursing homes

                            c.     Daycare centers

                            d.    Telephone music on hold

VI.    Moral Rights, Terminations, etc.

         A.        Moral rights under the VARA

                     1.      HYPO:  Calder sculpture

           2.    VARA

                    a.    Attribution & integrity - life of the artist only

                    b.    Digital issues

            3.    Adaptation rights - colorized films

            4.    Works for hire - § 201(b)
 

            B.    Terminations and renewals


    COMPARISON OF §§ 304(c) & 203


 
SECTION GRANTS COVERED WHO MAY EXERCISE BEGINNING OF 5-YEAR PERIOD FURTHER GRANTS
§ 304(c) Before 1-1-78 Author or majority interest of statutory beneficiaries (per stirpes) to extent of that author's share or End of 56 years of copyright or 1-1-78, whichever is later Generally tenants in common with right to deal separately, except where dead author's rights are shared, then majority action (per stirpes) as to the author's share
By author or other person designated by § 304(a)(1)(C) In case of grant by others, all surviving grantors
Of renewal right in statutory copyright
§ 203 On or after 1-1-78 Author or majority of grant authors or majority of their respective beneficiaries, voting as a unit for each author & per stirpes End of 35 years from grant, or if covering publication right, either 35 years from publoication or 40 years fro grant, whichever is earlier Requires same number & proportion as required for termination
By author
Of any right under copyright

 

               REVERSION BASED ON WHEN WORKS CREATED & TRANSFERRED


Post 1978 & © transfer Pre-1978 ©  & transfer  Pre-1978  ©; Post-1977 transfer  Pre-1978 & not transferred
TERM Life + 70 28+28+39 28+28+39 or 28+ 67 28+67
WHO Author Author or heirs Author Author or owner of termination right
TERMINATION After 35th year; if publication betwen 35th & 40th year - § 203 After year 56 for a 5-year period  - § 304(c) After 35th year; if publication between 35th & 40th year - § 203 Not exercised before or renewal term has expired, can exercise between 75th & 80th year
NOTICE Between 2-10 years prior to years 35-40 Between 2-10 years prior to 57th year Between 2-10 years prior to years 35-40 Notice between years 75-80

VII.     Remedies

    A.      Injunctions

              1.    Preliminary

               2.    Permanent

    B.      Impoundment & distruction

    C.      Damages

    1.     Statutory damages - § 504(c)
    a.     Registration within three months

    b.     $750 - $30,000 per act of infringement § 504(c)(1)

            1.     Reduced to $200 for innocent, raised to $150,000
                    for willful infringement - § 504(c)(2)

            2.     Remission of damages - § 504(c)(2)

    c.     Goal: compensate D + deter future infringement

    2.     Actual damages & profits - §504(b)

    3.     Costs & attorneys fees

   a.     Registration required to recover

    b.     Fogerty III, 94 F.3d 553 (9th Cir. 1996)

              4.     Prejudgment interest
    5.     Jury trials -  Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television,  118 S.Ct. 1279 (1998)

    6.    Criminal penalties -- No Electonic Theft Act - § 506

    D.      Defenses

              1.    Independent creation

              2.    Fair use

              3.    Abandonment

              4.    Equitable defenses:  acquiesence, unclean hands, laches, estoppel, etc.

              5.    Misuse

VIII.        Major Treatises
    A.    Nimmer on Copyright, 1978 -  10 vols.

    B.    Goldstein on Copyright, 2d ed. 1996 - 4 vols.