CLASS # 2
 

I.   Structure of the Act

       A.    Section 101 = definitions

       B.    Section 102 = what's eligible & what is not

          "(a)  Copyright protection subsists, in accordance with this title,
                    in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of
                    expression, now known or later developed, from which they can
                    be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either
                    directly or with the aid of a machine or device...

                  (b)  In no case does copyright protection for an original work of
                  authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method
                  of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the
                  form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in
                  such work."

II.     Subject Matter Originality

        A.    Any distinguishable variation

                1.    Creativity

                2.     How much originality is required?

B.     Authorship

         1.    Computer generated works

         2.   Animal creators

                a.    Ruby

        b.    Koko the gorilla

 3.    Other non-human creators

            a.    Cummins v. Bond, 1 Ch. 167 (1927).

            b.    Urantia Foundation v. Maaherra, 114 F.3d
                    955 (9th Cir. 1997)

                   c.    Penguin Books v. New Christian Church of
                           Full Endeavor Ltd., 55 U.S.P.Q.2d 1680
                           (S.D.N.Y. 2000)

            4.     Unknown creators

                    a.    Earthquake rose
 

                    b.    Lightning photo

C.     Compilations

        1.    Feist

               "The Congress shall have the power to .... promote
                the progress of science & useful arts, by securing
                for limited times to authors & inventors the exclusive
                right to their respective writings & discoveries."

                U.S. Const.  art. I, § 8, cl. 8.

        2.    Key Publications v. Chinatown Today Publ. Enters.,
                945 F.2d 509 (2d Cir. 1991)
 

D.    Fixation - § 102(a)

        1.    Definition - § 101 - "A work is fixed in tangible
                medium of expression when its embodiment in
                a copy or phonorecord, by or under the authority
                of the author, is sufficiently permanent or stable
                to permit it to be perceived, reproduced or other-
                wise communicated for a period of more than
                transitory duration.

                A work consisting of sounds, images, or both, that are
                being transmitted, is fixed ... if a fixation of the work is
                 being made simultaneously with the transmission."

        2.    When is a work fixed?

        3.    What works are not fixed?
 

1.   HYPO:

  a.   Artistic "T"

      ~~~°°°°ooooooo°°°°~~~

  ¥¥¥¥¥¥****¥¥¥¥¥¥

  b. "T" accounts

 

CREDITS	DEBITS

2.    Doctrine of merger - combines § 102(a)-(b)

3.     Independent creation

B.    Ineligible for copyright protection

        1.    § 102(b) - facts, ideas, processes, discoveries,
                concepts

      2.    Baker v. Selden

        A.    Literary works

  B.    Musical work
 

   C.    Dramatic works

   D.    Pantomimes & choreographic works
 

   E.    Pictorial, graphic & sculptural works
 

   F.    Motion pictures & other audiovisual works
 

   G.    Sound recordings
 

    H.    Architectural works