(Slogan of South Korean farmer Lee Kyung-hae who stabbed himself to death at the Cancún WTO meetings, September 2003)

Despite the fact that only two percent of the economically active population in the United States makes its living from farming, discussions of agriculture dominate the politics of globalization.  Lee Kyung-Hae’s decision to commit suicide in protest of what he saw as the rigged standards of the world economic system is only one of many acts of protest that have taken place throughout history and across the globe.  What is it about the basic and universal need to eat and produce food that generates such intense politics?  Why do people argue that farm subsidies in the US kill African farmers?  Why have peasant movements, like the Zapatistas and the Movement of Rural Landless Workers become some of the most politically organized and active social movements in the world today?

These are some of the issues that we will explore in this economic geography class.  We will begin with a study of the role played by agricultural production and consumption in the development of capitalism by reading theoretical pieces on the paradigmatic case study, England.  We will explore the ways in which Russian political economists extrapolated from the English case to the Russian case in an attempt to engineer a more perfect transition to a socialist future.  These two moments in economic development shed light on a third: the importance of agriculture in the development of third world societies after the Second World War.  Understanding globalization today requires a thorough analysis of the history and theory in these three economic/political projects - the transition to capitalism, socialism, and post-colonialism.  In the weeks that follow this introduction, we will study topics such as: the development of the world food system, the revolutionary potential and practice of the peasantry and the rural proletariat, rural social movements, land reform in history and in theory, and the politics of food production and consumption in the US and Europe.  Case studies will be chosen from around the world, with an emphasis on Latin America.

Because the topic of this course - agrarian development(s) - is a constantly changing subject, please feel free to bring up new ideas, topics and cases.  If you would like to suggest an alternate or additional reading for any of the weeks outlined, please talk to me and we will look at the syllabus to see if it can be accommodated.

Some of the questions that we will address in this course:

Does the WTO really kill farmers?
If agriculture is increasingly industrialized and people are less and less involved in its production, why are rural workers and farmers at the forefront of the anti-globalization movement?
What role did agricultural production and consumption play in the transition from feudalism to capitalism?
How have differences in agrarian societies affected the development of capitalism around the world?
What role does the so-called Green Revolution play in economic development today?
Why are Third World agricultural workers some of the hungriest people in the world?
How do US economic policies affect agrarian societies around the world?
How do subsidies for US corn and wheat producers affect people in countries as diverse as France, India and Kenya?
What are Banana Republics?
Why have peasants historically been so maligned and manipulated as social actors (the word peasant comes from the russian meaning "to stink")?
How has the uneven development of capitalism played out in the countryside of the Third World?
Are there too many people – or just too many poor people - or just too many rich people?
Does global economic development depend on inequality between nations?
Why did the US government support land reform in post-war Japan and South Korea and then actively repress land reform initiatives in Latin America in the 1950s and 1960s?
Is hunger inevitable?  Do we need more food to cure hunger?
How has nationalism historically been influenced by peasants?
What is populism and why is populism so influential in agrarian nations?
What role have frontiers and frontier development played in conceptions of nationalism?

All of these are fundamentally geographic questions, but as geographers, we have the luxury of drawing from a wide and varied set of readings, case studies and theoretical frameworks in answering the questions.

Assignments: This class will be run as both a lecture class and a seminar.  As you can see, the reading list is fairly extensive as your work during the semester revolves around our discussion and analysis of the various authors.  The readings and in-class discussion are very important to the intellectual project of this class and so you will be expected to keep up with the syllabus, come to class, and participate thoughtfully.  Each week, people will be assigned to discuss a reading with the hope of opening up questions and ideas for debate.  Students will also be asked to write weekly thought pieces on the readings.  The thought pieces should be no more than one page and should be analytical critiques (which is not the same thing as simply criticisms) of the readings.  Other than these two assignments, the grade for the class will consist of an end of the semester term paper that will be presented to the group during the last two weeks of class.  Students will choose the subjects of their research papers (within guidelines that I will discuss the first week of class) and will develop the projects in conjunction with me.

Grades will be broken down as follows:
Regular in-class participation: 30%
Weekly thought pieces: 20%
Research paper: 40%
Presentation of research paper: 10%

Texts: Many of the assigned readings for the class are available on-line and are linked to the syllabus below.  Readings not available on the web will be provided in a reader that you can purchase in class (we will talk about this during the first class meeting).  In addition to these articles and book chapters, there are several books you will need to have for this class.  I strongly recommend buying the books, they are available at Internationalist Books, 405 W. Franklin St. Chapel Hill, NC.  Listed in the order they will be read, the texts are:

John H. Perkins.  Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Akhil Gupta.  Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Durham: Duke University Press (1998).

Sidney Mintz.  Sweetness and Power: the Place of Sugar in Modern History. Viking Press, reprinted (1995).

Steve Striffler.  In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador, 1900-1995.  Durham: Duke University Press (2002).

A book that you may want to buy for background and the theoretical discussion is:

Frederick Cooper, Florencia E. Mallon, William Roseberry.  Confronting Historical Paradigms: Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America.  Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997.
 
 

Course Outline and Readings

January 7 (w): Introduction to course
 

January 9 (f - lecture): Truck, Barter and Trade: The “Natural” Development of Capitalism?

"To comprehend the sudden changever to an utterly new type of economy in the nineteenth century, we must now turn to the history of the market, an institution we were able practically to neglect in our review of the economic systems of the past." (Karl Polanyi, 1944)

Reading:

Karl Polanyi.  The Great Transformation.  Boston: Beacon Press, 1944 (Chapter 4, Societies and Economic Systems, pp 43 - 55).

Adam Smith.  The Wealth of Nations.  London: Penguin Books, 1997 [1776].  (Book Three, Chapter IV: How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country, pp. 507 - 520).  n.b. you need to go through the table of contents to find this chapter.

Karl Marx.  Capital: A Critique of Political Economy.  London: Penguin Books, 1990. (Part Eight, "The Secret of Primitive Accumulation and The Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land, pp. 873 - 896).

Further Reading:

Brenner, R. "The Social Basis of Economic Development," in J. Roemer ed.  Analytical Marxism.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986 (23 - 53).
 

January 16: The “Natural” Evolution of Socialism: The Agrarian Question

"Clearly, the only way is to take all the land from the landlords. That alone will enable the peasant movement to achieve its aim, that alone can stimulate the energy of the people, that alone can sweep away the fossilised remnants of serfdom." (Stalin, 1906)

Lecture: the role of agriculture in the theoretical debates over the transition to socialism
Discussion: The Agrarian Question in the transitions to capitalism in England and socialism in Russia

Reading:

Robert Brenner. "Agrarian class structure and economic development in pre-industrial Europe," in Past and Present, No. 70. (Feb., 1976), pp. 30-75.

Vladimir Lenin.  Preliminary Draft Theses: On The Agrarian Question (For The Second Congress Of The Communist International), in Lenin’s Collected Works, 4th English Edition, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1965, Volume 31, pages 152-164.

Josef Stalin.  The Agrarian Question.  From J. V. Stalin, Works,  Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 [1906], Vol. 1, pp. 216-31.

Alec Nove.  "Ideology and Agriculture," in Soviet Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4. (Apr., 1966), pp. 397-407.

Lynne Viola.  "Bab'i Bunty and Peasant Women's Protest during Collectivization," in Russian Review, Vol. 45, No. 1. (Jan., 1986), pp. 23-42.

Further reading:

Vladimir Lenin.  The Development of Capitalism in Russia. Lenin Collected Works, Volume 3, Progress Publishers, 1896-99.  Online Version: Lenin Internet Archive (marxists.org) 2000. (Chapter II, Section XIII, Conclusions - The Differentiation of the Peasantry; Chapter IV, Section IX, Conclusions on the Significance of Capitalism in Russian Agriculture).

Barrington Moore. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy.  Boston: Beacon, 1966. (Chapter 1: England and the Contributions of Violence to Gradualism).

Karl Kautsky. The Agrarian Question.  London: Zwan Press, 1988.

Byres, T. J. 1995.  "Political economy, the agrarian question and the comparative method," in Journal of Peasant Studies 22(4), 561-81.

Alexander Chayanov (1986). The Theory of Peasant Economy.  Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

January 23: Imperialism, raw materials and uneven development

Reading:

Sidney Mintz.  Sweetness and Power: the Place of Sugar in Modern History. Viking Press, reprinted (1995).

Discussant: James Hull

Further Reading:

Vladmir Lenin (1933). Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism: A Popular Outline. Rev. Translation, New York: International Publishers. (Chapter 7: Imperialism as a Special Stage of Capitalism)

David Harvey (1999[1982]).  The Limits to Capital.  London: Verso (Chapter 12: The Production of Spatial Configurations: The Geographical Mobilities of Capital and Labour, pp. 373 - 411).

Stephen Bunker.  "Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon, 1600-1980,"  in American Journal of Sociology, 10, 5 (March): 1017-1064.

Neil Smith (1984). Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space.  New York: Blackwell.

Doreen Massey (1984).  Spatial Divisions of Labor: Social Structures and the Structure of Production.  London: Macmillan.

Stephen Bunker.  Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988

Bradford Barham, Stephen G. Bunker, and Denis O'Hearn, eds.  States, Firms, and Raw Materials: The World Economy and Ecology of Aluminum.  Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
 

January 30 - class canceled
 

February 6: Frontiers and Economic Development in the United States and Latin America

Readings:

Frederick Jackson Turner.  "The Significance of the Frontier in American History."

Discussant: Milton

Limerick, Patricia Nelson. "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible world," in American Historical Review (1995). 100(3):  697-717.

Discussant: Milton

David B. Danbom.  "Why Americans Value Rural Life," in Rural Development Perspectives, 12(1): 15 - 18.

Discussant: Kim

Hebe Clementi.  "Frontier Peoples and National Identity," and Clodomir Vianna Moog, "Bandeirantes and Pioneers," and Walter Nugent, "New World Frontiers," in David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds.  Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History.  Scholarly Resources, Inc. (1997).

Discussant: Gabe

Further Reading:

Frederick Jackson Turner.  "The Problem of the West," in Atlantic Monthly, September 1896.

See the PBS special (and web page resources) on The West: http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/turner.htm

D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1: Atlantic America, 1492-1800 (New Haven, 1986).

Donald Worster.  Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.

Sarah Radcliffe, 1996.  "Imaginative geographies, postcolonialism, and national identities: contemporary discourses of the nation in Ecuador", in Ecumene, 3(1): 23-42.

Bradford Burns.  "The Frontier."

Joe Foweraker. The Struggle for Land: A Political Economy of the Pioneer Frontier in Brazil from 1930 to the Present Day.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 

February 13: Banana Republics

Readings:

Steve Striffler.  In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador, 1900-1995.  Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.

Discussant: Heide

Further reading:

Steve Striffler and Mark Moberg, editors (2003). Banana Wars: Power, Production and History in the Americas.  Durham: Duke University Press.
 

February 20: The "Natural" Development of Dependency: Peasants and the Modern Project in Latin America, Asia and Africa

Reading:

Lewis, A. "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour", reprinted in A. Agarwala and S. Singh eds.  The Economics of Underdevelopment.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954. (If that link doesn't work, try this)

Discussant: Melody

Rostow, W.W. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.  (Chapter 2 Summary - pp. 4 - 16).

Discussant: James Martin

Staatz, J.M. and C.K. Eicher. “Agricultural Development: Ideas in historical Perspective.” In Staatz and Eicher, eds. Agricultural Development in the Third World (1990, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 Edition), pp. 3-28

Discussant: Manuel

Alain de Janvry. “Agrarian Crisis in Latin America: The Facts.” In The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), pp. 61-93.

Discussant: Nicholas

James Ferguson, with Larry Lohmann. 1994. "The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development" and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho." The Ecologist 24 (5): 176-181.

Discussant: Sarah

Further Reading:

Michael Watts, 1989. The agrarian question in Africa: Debating the crisis. Progress in Human Geography 13(1), 1-41.

Frederick Cooper, Florencia E. Mallon, William Roseberry.  Confronting Historical Paradigms: Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America.  Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997.

Roderick Neumann.  Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa.  California Studies in Critical Human Geography, 4. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Robert H. Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981)

Tom Brass. Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism: The Return of the Agrarian Myth. Frank Cass Publications (2000).

Janvry, Alain and Carmen Diana Deere, A Conceptual Framework for the Empirical Analysis of Peasantries, Giannini Foundation Paper, #543, 1984.

Alain de Janvry, E. Sadoulet and L. Wilcox (1988). "Land and Labor in Latin American Agriculture from the 1950's to the 1980's," Journal of Peasant Studies 16(3):396-425.
 

February 27: Neo-Imperialism, the World Food System and North Carolina

Readings:

Friedmann, H. and P. McMichael.  "Agriculture and the State System: the Rise and Decline of National Agricultures, 1870 to the present." In Sociologia Ruralis, 29/2: 93-117 (1989).

Discussant: Charles

Samir Amin.  World Poverty, Pauperization & Capital Accumulation, in Monthly Review, October 2003.

Discussant: Laura

Philip McMichael. "Global food politics," in Monthly Review, July-August, 1998.

Discussant: Eriko

Roger Thurow and Scott Kilman.  "Seeds of Discord: Seeds of Discord: As U.S. Food Aid Enriches Farmers, Poor Nations Cry Foul."  Wall Street Journal, Sept. 11, 2003.

Discussant: Julie

Roger Thurow and Scott Kilman. Food Sovereignty: Global Rallying Cry of Farmer Movements, a Food First Backgrounder, Fall 2003 (Volume 9, Number 4).

Discussant: Julie

Further reading:

Vandana Shiva.  "Globalization and Poverty," in Resurgence, 202 (delivered in 2000).

Amanda Cassel and Raj Patel, "Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Brazil's Rural Poor: Consolidating Inequality" a FoodFirst Publication, August 2003.

Frederick H. Buttel.  "Some Reflections on Late Twentieth Century Agrarian Political Economy," in Cadernos de Ciência & Tecnologia, Brasília, v.18, n.2, p.11-36, maio/ago. 2001.

Watts, M.  "Development III: The Global Agrofood System in Late-Twentieth Century Development (or Kautsky Redux)," in Progress in Human Geography 20:1-41.

March 5: The Green Revolution: Biotechnology and Agricultural Production

Readings:

John H. Perkins.  Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 (Chapters 1 and 4 - 10).

Discussant: Milton (Chapters 1 and 4 - 9)

Vandana Shiva.  "The Real Reasons for Hunger"

Discussant: Kim (and Chapter 10 from Perkins)

Further reading:

Kloppenburg, J.  First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology.  N.Y: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

March 12: Class canceled, spring break
 

March 19: The Green Revolution and Postcolonial Development in India

Reading:

Akhil Gupta.  Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Durham: Duke University Press 1998.  (read the Introduction and Chapters 1, 2, and 4, pp. 1 - 153 and 234 - 291)

Discussant: Gabe

Further Reading:

Vandana Shiva.  The Violence of the Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics. London: Zed Books, 1992.

Vandana Shiva.  Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply.  South End Press (December 1999).
 

March 26: The Geography of Famine, food and the population problem

Readings:

Thomas Malthus.  An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1791. (Chapters 1,  2 and 19).

Amartya Sen.  "Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements," in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 96, No. 3. (Aug., 1981), pp. 433-464.

Michael Watts.  "On the poverty of theory: natural hazards research in context,"  in Kenneth Hewitt (ed.), Interpretations of Calamity: from the Viewpoint of Human Ecology.  Boston: Allen and Unwin (1983): pp. 231-262.

Discussant: James Hull

Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield.  Land Degradation and Society.  London: Methuen (1985). Chapters 1 and 2.

Akhil Gupta.  Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Durham: Duke University Press 1998 (Chapter 3: Indigenous Knowledges: Agronomy).

Discussant: Sara

Further reading:

Michael Watts.  Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

Michael Watts. "Entitlements or empowerment? Famine and starvation in Africa," in Review of African Political Economy; (1991) Vol. 18 Issue 51.

Amartya Sen.  "Nobody Need Starve," in Granta 52:213-220 (1995).

Amartya Sen. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation.  Oxford: Oxford University Pres, 1981.
 

April 2: Land Reforms, Distribution and Development

Readings:

Cristobal Kay, "Latin America's Land Reforms: Lights and Shadows," in Land Reform Number 2 (1998).

Joao Pedro Stedile.  "Landless Battalions: the Landless Movement in Brazil," an interview in the New Left Review 15, May-June 2002

Discussant: Manuel

Henry Bernstein.  "Land Reform: Taking a Long(er) View," in Journal of Agrarian Change, Volume 2 Issue 4 Page 433  - October 2002.

Discussant: Melody

Sara Berry. Debating the land question in Africa. Document prepared for the World Bank.

Sara Berry. "Tomatoes, Land and Hearsay: Property and History in Asante in the Time of Structural Adjustment." World Development 25 (8): 1225-1241 (click this link, it will take you to issue 25(8) of World Development, scroll down and find the correct article).

Discussant: James Martin

Further reading:

Angus Wright and Wendy Wolford.  To Inherit the Earth: the Landless Movement and the Struggle for a New Brazil.  Oakland, CA: Food First Books.

Solon L. Barraclough.  "The Legacy of Latin American Land Reform," in NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. XXVIII, 1994.

Michael Lipton, M. (1993). "Land Reform as Commenced Business: The Evidence Against Stopping," World Development 21(4): 641-657.

Wellington Didibhuku Thwala, "Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa."

Enriquez, L. Harvesting Change: Labor and Agrarian Reform in Nicaragua, 1979-1990.  Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

Laura Enríquez, J., and Marlen I. Llanes "Back to the Land: The Political Dilemmas of Agrarian Reform in Nicaragua," in Social Problems 40, 2 (May): 250-265 (1993).

Alain de Janvry, Elisabeth Sadoulet, and Wendy Wolford. 2001. The Changing Role of the State in Latin American Land Reforms. In Alain de Janvry et al., eds. Access to Land, Rural Poverty, and Public Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 279-303.
 

April 9 - class canceled, Good Friday
 

April 16: Red Revolutions: Agrarian Social Movements

Reading:

James C. Scott.  "Resistance without Protest and without Organization: Peasant Opposition to the Islamic Zakat and the Christian Tithe" in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 29, No. 3. (Jul., 1987), pp. 417-452.

Discussant: Sara

Robert H. Bates.  "The Issue Basis of Rural Politics in Africa," in Comparative Politics, Vol. 10, No. 3. (Apr., 1978), pp. 345-360.

Discussant: Nicholas

James Petras.  "The New Revolutionary Peasantry: The growth of peasant-led opposition to neoliberalism," October 1998 (Petras essays in english).

Marc Edelman. 1998. "Transnational Peasant Politics in Central America," in Latin American Research Review, Vol. 33, No. 3. (1998), pp. 49-86.

Akhil Gupta.  Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Durham: Duke University Press 1998.  (read Chapter 5, pp. 291 - 330)

Wendy Wolford.  "Families Fields and Fighting for Land: The Spatial Dynamics of Struggle in Rural Brazil,” in Mobilization (2003) 82.

Discussant: Laura

Further Reading:

Skocpol, Theda, 1979.  “What Makes Peasants Revolutionary?,’ In Comparative Politics 14(3): 35-73

George Collier. Basta! Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas.  Second Edition. Oakland: Food First Books, 1999.

Migdal, J. Peasants, Politics and Revolution: Pressures Toward Political and Social Change in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974.

Subcommander Marcos of the Zapatista National Liberation Army. Chiapas: The Southeast in Two Winds, A Storm and a Prophecy.  Published on the internet in 1994.

Jeffrey Paige.  Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World.  New York: The Free Press, 1975.

Skocpol, T. States and Revolution: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Wolf, E. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. Harper Colophon, 1969.

Marc Edelman. Peasants Against Globalization: Rural Social Movements in Costa Rica.  Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
 

April 23: Fast Food Nation: Industrial Agriculture and the Organic Alternative in the United States

Reading - everyone:

Michael Pollan.  "Power Steer," in the New York Times Magazine, March 31, 2002.

Eric Schlosser.  "Fast-Food Nation: Meat and Potatoes" in Rolling Stone magazine (USA), Issue 794, September 3rd 1998.

Michael J. Watts and William Boyd.  "Agro-industrial Just in Time: the Chicken Industry and Postwar American Capitalism," in Globalizing Food, edited by David Goodman and Michael Watts.  New York: Routledge, 1997

Discussant: Melody Loftus

Reading - organic as an alternative

Kloppenburg, Jack, Jr. 1991. “Social Theory and the De/Reconstruction of Agricultural Science: Local Knowledge for an Alternative Agriculture.” Rural Sociology 56(4): 519-548.

Discussant: Kim

Laura Raynolds. "Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements," in Agriculture and Human Values, September 2000, Volume 17, Issue 3 (access the article from the journal's table of contents).

Discussant: Eriko

Reading - the difficulties with organic

Julie Guthman. "Fast Food/Organic Food: reflexive tastes and the making of 'yuppie chow'" in Journal of Social and Cultural Geography 4(1), 2003.

Discussant: Charles

Further Reading:

William Roseberry, "The rise of yuppie coffees and the reimagination of class in the United States,” in American Anthropologist 98:4:762-775 (1995).

Dan Buck, Christina Getz, Julie Guthman.  "From Farm to Table: The Organic Vegetable Commodity Chain of Northern California," in Sociologia Ruralis 1997 37:1 p. 3.

David Goodman and Michael Redclift.  Refashioning Nature: Food, Ecology and Culture.  New York: Routledge, 1991.  Chapter 1: Food into Freezers, Women into Factories.

Goodman, D. and M. Watts.  “Reconfiguring the Rural or Fording the Divide?” in Journal of Peasant Studies 221/1:1-49 (1994).

Goodman, D. (2003) “The Brave New Worlds of Agricultural Technoscience: Changing Perspectives, Recurrent Themes, and New Directions in Agro-Food Studies,” in R. Schurman and D. Kelso (eds.) Recreating the World: Genetic Engineering and Its Discontents. (University of California Press).

Deborah Fitzgerald (2003).  Every Farm a Factory: the industrial ideal in American agriculture.  New Haven: Yale University Press.
 

The week of April 26: Class Presentations