2. catharsis (define then give 2 examples and explain its purpose and/or effect)
        A catharsis is a purification or purgation bringing about spiritual renewal or a release from tension; an elimination of a complex by acknowledging it and allowing it expression. In Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), both Paul D. and Beloved exists as catharisists for Sethe. Both Paul D. and Beloved are representative of Sethe’s past: her days of slavery at Sweet Home. Before Paul D. and Beloved arrive on the scene, Sethe has blocked out her past, refusing to dwell on, or even acknowledge that period in her life, only for it to come back to haunt her. Sethe doesn’t even tell her daughter Denver about what happened at Sweet Home, not to any detailed extent anyway. It is not until Paul D. and Beloved appear on the porch of 124 that we learn what really happened to Sethe as a slave at Sweet Home. Being a part of Sethe’s past, symbolically representing it, and physically standing in front of her in the flesh and blood forces Sethe to come to terms with her past and acknowledge what happened so that she can finally let it go.

3. Brave Orchid tweaked her sister's ears for hours, chanting her new address to her, telling her how much she loved her, and how much her brother-in-law loved her. 'I won't let anything happen to you. I won't let you travel again. You're home.'"
        According to Maxine Hong Kingston’s autobiography The Woman Warrior (1975), the Chinese used to tweak each other ears while chanting to each other. They would "pull them back and forth " in order to call the person back "in case [they] lost any of [their] self" (71). When Brave Orchid brings her sister Moon Orchid to America, Moon Orchid goes insane as a result of not being able to adjust to the new culture and endure the culture shock. Brave Orchid trys to bring her sister back by tweaking her ears and calling to her, chanting her new address in America. This quote illustrates the lost of an identity of a self. In this case, Moon Orchid’s self is lost in the web spun by two different cultures, just like Kingston’s own self and identity is lost in her two cultures as well.

4. "'Ugh! but dat des do cuddle my blood.'"
        In Charles Chesnutt’s "Po’ Sandy" (1993) Uncle Julius, upon hearing the saw mill cutting the timber, cries that it curdles his blood, jarring his " ‘memb’ance back ter ole times, en ‘min’s [him] er po’ Sandy. Po’ Sandy was changed into a tree by his conjure woman wife, Tenie, in order to keep from being moved around so much from house to house with his services as a slave. Unfortunately, Po’ Sandy was chopped down and sent to the saw mill to be cut up for lumber to build a kitchen for the master’s wife; since Tenie was away she couldn’t help him with her magic. This quote is significant because it displays the dialect of Uncle Julius. This dialect serves to distinguish Uncle Juluis, the help, from the masters he works for. All of the Chesnutt stories, " Po’ Sandy," "The Goophered Grapevine," and "Hot-Foot Hannibal," use dialect as a distinction between the classes. Chesnutt used this dialect as a means of distinguishing between the classes of the characters in the novel to make a point about the segregation classes in today’s society and the barriers that separate them.

5. "The church bells, with various tones, but all in harmony, were calling out, and responding to one another- 'It is the Sabbath!-- The Sabbath!- Yea; the Sabbath!" - and over the whole cty, the bells scattered the blessed sounds. . . "

6. "After each bathing, Baby covered her with a quilt and put another pan on in the kitchen. Tearing sheets, stitching the gray cotton, she supervised the woman in the bonnet who tended the baby and cried into her cooking. When Sethe’s legs were done, Baby looked at her feet and wiped them lightly. She cleaned between Sethe’s legs with two separate pans of hot water and then tied her stomach. . . with sheets. Finally she attacked the unrecognizable feet."
        In Toni Morrison’s Beloved ( 1987), Sethe joins Baby Suggs and her family at 124 after escaping from Sweet Home. Sethe, upon being raped by schoolteacher’s nephew’s and then whipped for telling Mrs. Garner about it, flees from Sweet Home and her days of slavery. Sethe, who has just ran barefoot through the woods for days while pregnant, is in terrible shape when she arrives at 124. In this passage, Sethe’s mother-in-law, Baby Suggs, is washing her off and bandaging her wounds. This passage portrays the theme of dis-memberment in the novel: Baby Suggs is literally washing away the remnants of Sweet Home, removing them from Sethe’s life. With this Sethe is dis-membered from Sweet Home. This theme of dis-memberment occurs also in Kingston’s The Woman Warrior, when Kingston removes, or dis-members, herself from the Chinese by acknowledging her American heritage with her voice when she challenges both the little silent schoolgirl and her mother in the last chapter of the autobiography.

7. "Beyond the housemaids room were the back stairs. It was the nearest way down, and every step that Mrs. Clayburn took was increasingly painful; but she decided to walk slowly back, the whole length of the passage, and go down by the front stairs. She did not know why she did this; but she felt that at the moment she was past reasoning, and had better obey her instinct."
        In Edith Wharton’s "All Souls’ (1937), the injured Mrs. Clayburn wakes to find herself all alone in her own house with the power off and the phone lines down. Mrs. Clayburn, despite her injured ankle and the doctor’s orders, decides to check out the house. She cannot rely on reasoning because there is no reasoning to be found as to why she is alone, or why she decides to check the house, but she feels moved to, and since she has no reasoning she relies on her instinct. This passage illustrates a reversal in class roles. Throughout the story Mrs. Clayburn is portrayed as the high-class independent woman living on her own, but here she is depicted as the helpless, lonely, old woman. Instead, the servants are the ones with the knowledge and the power. Mrs. Clayburn realizes that she needs her servants more than she thought that she did. She is not as dependent as she would like to think she is. This theme is also found in the story of "Luella Miller." Luella rules those around her, treating them as her personal servants, forcing them to do whatever she wants them to do. Just as with Mrs. Clayburn, when Luella has no one to manipulate into taking care of her she loses her independence, so much to the point that she literally grows weaker and weaker, until one days she dies.

8. "But he was beautiful to see, and charming as a comrade."
        In Edith Wharton’s "The Eyes" (1910), Culwin describes Alice Nowell’s cousin, Noyes, as a young and untalented writer. While Culwin found Noyes to be far from the predestined genius, he also found him to be "beautiful" and "charming"(39). This quote suggests feelings of homo-sexuality between Culwin and his new-found friend. Homo-sexuality is also suggested in James’s The Turn of the Screw. This homo-sexual relationship has been argued to exist between the young boy Miles and an older hired help, Peter Quint. Such themes as this occur in stories as the result of the authors using their works to identify and talk about taboos. Homo sexuality was a taboo, and through their works the authors were able to talk about them freely without any reprimands from society.

9. compare Luella Miller and Beloved
        Luella Miller and Beloved are similar in various small ways, but more specifically in one major way. Each seems to have a uncanny power over those around them. Luella is able to manipulate those around her to do whatever she pleases, even when the town refuses to help her because of the mysterious deaths, she is still able to beguile someone into doing her work for her. Luella even has the power to make the school committee members turn their heads the other way when Luella does not perform her job at the school. Much in the same way, Beloved exerts a power over those around her. At first, Denver is drawn in by Beloved’s power. Then when Denver begins to realize that Beloved does not care for her and is just using her to get to Sethe, Beloved moves on to the next character, Paul D. Beloved literally moves Paul D. from place to place inside and outside of the house, not to mention seducing him to touch her on the inside. And lastly, Beloved exerts a power over Sethe who neglects her daughter Denver to be with Beloved. Sethe even spends ALL of her money on sweets and dolls for Beloved. Luella and Beloved are also similar in that they are outcasts from society. Luella’s community refuses to have anything to do with her for fear of dying and Beloved’s name is not even known to her community.
        The differences between Luella and Beloved are that Luella is an actual human and Beloved is a ghost come back to avenge herself. Luella was also there from the beginning of the story and Beloved doesn’t appear until later.

10. Emma Saxon
        Emma Saxon is a character in Edith Wharton’s "The Lady’s Maid’s Bell" (no publication date found). Emma was Mrs., Brympton’s former maid, and is also the ghost in this ghost story. Emma serves to protect Mrs. Brympton from Mr. Brympton. While Mr. Brympton is away on business all the time, Mrs. Brympton has formed a relationship with Mr. Ranford; an affair. Emma leads Hartley to Mr.Ranford's house to let him know about Mr. Brympton. Emma also serves to let Hartley know what is going on between Mrs. Brympton and Mr. Ranford. Emma is significant because she, like a lot of the other ghost we have read about, serve to either reveal a secret, for example Beloved reveals the incident of Sethe killing her children, or to protect, like the ghost dogs in Kerfol who protect their mistress from her husband.

11. Ethelred
        Ethelred is a character in the book that the narrator reads to Roderick Usher in Edgar Allen Poe’s "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) in order to calm him down. Poe’s use of Ethelred is called intertextuality: using or referring to a separate text within a story. Ethelred and his adventures directly correlate with the events in "The Fall of The House of Usher" : as the narrator is reading the story of Ethelred, the hermit, and the dragon it’s as if the story is coming to life. When the narrator reads of a sound, he hears that sound in the house. Some have argued that Ethelred in Roderick Usher and Madeline Usher is the dragon coming to break down the door to avenge her wrongful death.

12. "For the love of all the evil that, in those dreadful days, the pair put into them. And to ply them with evil still, to keep up the work of demons, is what brings the others back."
        This passage appears in Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw (1995). The governess is describing the two ghost figures of the novel: Peter Quint and Miss Jessel who were both involved in scandals. The governess is commenting on what it is that keeps them there in the human world with her and Miles and Flora. This passage is significant because it expresses the main reason why ghosts come back. If you "ply them with evil still" they will returns to "keep up the work of demons" and finish their business.

13. framed narrative (define then give 2 examples and their purpose and/or effect). Feel free to illustrate visually.
        A framed narrative is when a story is told through several different sources all within the same narrative, for example James’s Turn of the Screw is an example of a framed narrative in which the story is told through the narrator’s story of Douglas telling the story of his lady friend who wrote the story of the governess who told the story of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel. Another example is "Luella Miller" in which the narrator tells the story of Lydia Anderson who tells the story of Luella Miller. The framed narrative serves to characterize the narrator as unreliable because the story has gone through so many different people. Even if the facts of the story doesn’t change, the point of view certainly does and the relationships between each individual narrators affects the story and how it is told, thereby making the narrator unreliable.

14. "I shall be glad, for it will stop tormenting me as it has done and always will otherwise. There hasn't been a day nor a night since it happened that I haven't thought of it, and always I have felt the shivers go down my back when I did."
        In Mary Wilkins Freeman’s "Lost Ghost" (1903) Mrs. Meserve begins to tell her friend Mrs. Emmerson about her encounter with the little ghost girl who lived in the house where she boarded when she was younger. Mrs. Meserve explains that she cannot understand nor explain it and if Mrs. Emmerson can, she will be happy so that it will not torment her so any more. This passage is important because ghosts stay here in the human world to clear up some business that they left unfinished. If Mrs. Meserve were to understand the ghost and her encounter with it and what happened, it is likely that she would not be haunted by the encounter anymore. People are scared of what they don’t understand, and if Mrs. Meserve were to understand the ghost, she would not be scared of it anymore.

15. "'Bad girl'. . . and sometimes that made me gloat rather than cry. Isn't a bad girl almost a boy?"
        In Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior (1975), Kingston tells us that her would scold her and call her a bad girl. Instead of making her feel bad, Kingston would take pride in this name-calling because if you were a bad girl then you were almost a boy. Being a boy was looked upon favorably by the Chinese society. This quote is important because it expresses Kingston search for self. She is faced with the conflict of girls being bad, and instead of taking offense to the scolding, she takes pride in it, going against the ideals of Chinese society.

16. "I was willing to humor the old man's fancy. He had not told us a story for a long time."
        In Charles Chesnutt’s "Po’ Sandy" (1993) Julius explains to his masters that the reason the horse won’t take the path that the driver has chosen is in the story of Hot-Foot Hannibal. The narrator realizes that it had been a while since Julius had entertained them with a new story, and decides that he will humor him and let him tell it. This quote is significant because it makes a strong statement about the class divisions in this time period. Even though the relation between Julius and his master are good, the fact that the narrator chooses to humor Julius and his story shows that the narrator does not see Julius as an equal. The word humor implies that there is not truth or sense to the story that Julius is about to tell. This theme of conflict between classes is seen in all of Charles Chesnutt’s story in the interactions between the help and the masters.

17. "I did not murder my husband.'"
        In Edith Wharton’s "Kerfol" (1916), Anne Cornault claims that she did not kill her husband in a trial where she is accused of murdering her husband. Anne claims that the dogs that her husband killed over the years were what killed her husband. This part of the short story is significant because it displays the theme that one reason for ghosts is to protect it’s companions. Anne’s dogs killed her husband because he was going to find out about her affair and her plans to run away with another man. Similar to these dogs protecting Anne, Emma Saxon in "The Lady’s Maid’s Bell" protects her mistress from her husband who also was going to find about the affair between her and another man.

18. identify three ghost children (characters) and compare the methods & implications of their deaths & returns

19. "Now, for the first time, it startled her a little to find how little she knew of the material foundation on which her happiness was built."
        In Edith Wharton’s "Afterward" (1909) Mary Boyne realizes for the first time that her husband has been keeping her in the dark about the financial matters of the house and the business when the lawyer explains to her that her husband was mixed up in some "bad" business. This quote expresses the theme of male dominance: when Mary inquired about the house or the business, she was told that everything was taken care of and not to worry about anything. She was left out of the financial affairs because she was a woman and would not understand. Her husband tells her to not worry about it so she takes his word that everything is okay. This theme of male dominance also appears in "The Yellow Wallpaper" where Jane is separated from the rest of the world because of her husband. Mary Boyne is separated from what is going on in her own house because of her husband.

20. "Tell me your diamonds."
        In Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), Beloved inquires about Sethe’s diamond earrings that she remembers gazing at when she was just a baby. This passage exists as a means of remembering for both Sethe and Beloved. Sethe is forced to think about her past when she tells Denver of her diamond earrings and where they came from. Beloved remembers seeing the earrings shining as her mother dangled them over her when she was little baby, still alive and still a part of the family before her mother killed her. Through this remembering Beloved in figuratively placing herself back into the family, just as Kingston by remembering the story of her No Name Woman and the ancient legend of Fa Mulan figuratively places herself in the Chinese culture.

21. "The horrible thing was that she still practiced the same arts, all the childish wiles of a clumsy capering coquetry. I felt her pull on my sleeve and it drew me in her wake like a steel cable"
        In Edith Wharton’s "Miss Mary Pask" (1925) the narrator realizes that Miss Mary Pask is dead and that the woman his is standing in front of is in fact a ghost. The narrator comments on the flirty mannerisms of Miss Mary Pask as if she were still alive and a young woman. I think that this quote signifies that the ghosts do not just die. Miss Mary Pask has her own desires and need just like any other human being. Similar to this is the little girl in the "The Lost Ghost" who needs and desires a mother. The died when she was a child and remains a child in her ghost-life.

22. discuss the importance of one symbol in any work
        Edgar Allen Poe uses the House of Usher to symbolize the decent line of the Usher family. The house is old, dark, and melancholy just like the characters in the short story are portrayed. The house also has a tremendous crack down it’s walls to it’s foundation. This crack represents the breaking up of the Usher family. Roderick and Madeline Usher are the last of the Usher family decedents, and they are slowly but surely dying. The crack can also represent the division of the mind and body of the Ushers: Roderick represents the decay of the body and Madeline represents the decay of the mind. Also, when both Roderick and Madeline are dead, the house falls with the death, bringing an end to the Usher family.

23. "'But I wonder that the late Judge-- being so opulent, and with a reasonable prospect of transmitting his wealth to descendents of his own -- should not have felt the propriety of embodying so excellent a piece of domestic architecture in stone, rather than in wood. Then, every generation of the family might have altered the interior, to suit its own taste and convenience; while the exterior, through the lapse of years, might be adding venerableness to its original beauty, and thus giving that impression of permanence, which I consider essential to the happiness of any one moment.'"
        In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of Seven Gables (1990) Holgrave comments on why the Judge, who was obsessed with his wealth and passing it on down through the years to his descendants establishing a family name for himself, would not have his house made of stone instead of wood. This way could be changed according to the likes and dislikes of the generation to come, but would still stay there forever to remain as a tribute to the Pyncheon family name.

24. briefly compare the narrators and endings from "The Fall of the House of Usher" and "The Yellow Wallpaper"

25. identify, compare, and contrast two governess
        In James’s Turn of the Screw, the governess is made unreliable by Miles and Flora. Miles and Flora continuously refuse to admit that they have seen the ghosts Peter Quint and Miss Jessel. The governess in "The Lost Ghost" is made reliable by Rosamond, because Rosamond is the one who see the ghosts first. The governess of Turn of the Screw is also made unreliable by her feelings towards her master, where the governess in "The Lost Ghost" does not have a relationship with her master. The TOTS governess has just been working with Miles and Flora for a short time, where the governess in "The Lost Ghost" has been affiliated with Rosamond’s mom and her family line for years. The governess in "The Lost Ghost" also seems to have genuine concern for Rosamond, where the governess from TOTS is more concerned with herself and whether she is sane or not than she is with the fact that Miles and Flora are playing with ghosts. Also, the governess from The Turn of the Screw changes her feelings towards the children throughout the story where the governess in "The Lost Ghost" does not change her feelings for Rosamond. She loves Rosamond as though she were her own child and loves her in this way from the beginning to the end of the story. In TOTS, the governess starts out liking the two children, and cannot imagine them being bad, but then ends up despising the children believing that they are out to get her.
 
 

        When looking at why ghost are present in our world, there are numerous reasons ranging anywhere from unfinished business, to protection, to revenge. Studying Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Edith Wharton’s "Lady’s Maid’s Bell," Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior, Mary Wilkins Freeman’s "The Lost Ghost," Elizabeth Gaskell’s "The Old Nurse’s Story," and Edith Wharton’s " All Souls’" provides a very diverse and varied array of reasons for ghost to return after death from the underworld to join the human race. Some of these reasons include revenge, protection, identification, unfinished business, and jealousy.
        Beginning with Toni Morrison’s Beloved, ghosts return for revenge, or to avenge something unjust that happened to them during their lives. In Beloved, Beloved returns to avenge the wrongful injustice that her mother committed against her when she killed her. In Sethe’s eyes the death was justified by a mother’s unconditional love for her child, and the desire to so what is best for her child by providing her with a better life. The only way Sethe could provide Beloved with a better life was to take it. Beloved, being as little as she was when the event occurred could not understand this unconditional love and saw the death as a immoral crime committed against her person as a human being. Beloved first begins to haunt 124 in the spirit form. Then as Paul D. drives her away without quenching her desire for revenge, Beloved comes back in flesh and blood. Beloved wants to understand why her mother could kill her and wants to take out her anger on Sethe. Beloved has already managed to separate Sethe and Denver from the rest of the community by haunting the house, leaving them with almost no life. But as the story progress, Beloved begins to consume Sethe more and more, killing her gently and slowly to avenge her own death.
        In Edith Wharton’s "The Lady Maid’s Bell" the ghost, Emma Saxon, is not there to hurt or harm Mrs. Brympton, but instead to protect her. Emma makes herself known to Hartley, the new made even though the others will not tell her about Emma. Emma helps Hartley understand the situation with Mrs. Brympton, Mr. Ranford, and Mr. Brympton. Emma also leads Hartley to Mr. Ranford’s house to send a sign to him that Mr. Brympton is at the house.
        In Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior the ghost of No Name Woman and Fa Mulan exists as role models for Kingston: both positive and negative. These two ghosts also help to connect Kingston with her Chinese heritage, thus helping her form her own identity. The story of the No Name Woman haunts Kingston’s mind, and through the exorcising of this ghost Kingston finds her own true self.
        In Mary Wilkins Freeman’s "The Lost Ghost" the little ghost child who is left alone, abandoned and neglected by her mother returns to the boarding house in search of her unfinished business: a mother. Once the little girl joins with a mother figure she is gone forever and is never heard to haunt the house again. The story of the little girl’s ghost exists only in Mrs. Meserve’s head, serving to haunt her simply because she cannot understand. Once the little girl has fulfilled her desire, and completed her unfinished business by finding a mother to love and take care of her, she departs from the human world to return to the ghost world.
        In Elizabeth Gaskell’s "The Old Nurse’s Story" the ghost of the little girl and her mother return out of jealousy. The little girl is jealous of Rosamond because she is accepted by the family and gets to stay in the house, where the little girl was kicked out along with her mother simply for being born. The mother is also jealous of the sister who still lives there. These two ghost return out of jealousy and try to bring Rosamond out in to the snow to die with them and share there misery.
        In Edith Wharton’s "All Souls’", the ghost returns for a traditional ritual. Each year at the same time the ghosts return to the house. The ghost that Mrs. Clayburn passes in the drive does not wish to harm Mrs. Clayburn, she is only returning like she does every year for All Souls Eve.
        There is a long list of reasons that ghosts come back to haunt the people that they do. Some of these reasons involve personal vendettas against others and some reasons are merely to expose a truth or to finish some business that was left undone in their life as a human. Not all ghosts want to harm those that they haunt. Each of the ghost in Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Edith Wharton’s "Lady’s Maid’s Bell," Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior, Mary Wilkins Freeman’s "The Lost Ghost," Elizabeth Gaskell’s "The Old Nurse’s Story," and Edith Wharton’s " All Souls’" exists for a different reason.